The nurse should teach a pregnant woman that which substances are teratogens? (Select all that apply.).
Cigarette smoke.
Isotretinoin (Retin A).
Vitamin C.
Salicylic acid.
Rubella.
Correct Answer : A,B,E
Choice A rationale:
Cigarette smoke contains harmful chemicals that can cause birth defects and other complications during pregnancy. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to cigarette smoke to protect the developing fetus.
Choice B rationale:
Isotretinoin (Retin A) is a medication used to treat severe acne. It is known to cause severe birth defects and should be avoided during pregnancy. Women of childbearing age who are prescribed isotretinoin must use effective contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking the medication.
Choice C rationale:
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for various bodily functions. It is not a teratogen and is safe for consumption during pregnancy in recommended amounts. In fact, pregnant women are encouraged to consume an adequate amount of vitamin C to support their overall health and the development of the baby.
Choice D rationale:
Salicylic acid is commonly found in skincare products and is used to treat acne. While oral use of high doses of salicylic acid during pregnancy can be harmful, the small amounts used in topical skincare products are generally considered safe. However, it's advisable for pregnant women to use salicylic acid-containing products in moderation.
Choice E rationale:
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection that can cause birth defects if a pregnant woman becomes infected, especially during the early stages of pregnancy. Rubella vaccination before pregnancy is recommended to prevent congenital rubella syndrome.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
With good control of maternal glucose levels, sudden and unexplained stillbirth is no longer a major concern. While controlling maternal glucose levels is important in diabetic pregnancies, it does not eliminate all risks, including the risk of stillbirth. However, the most significant cause of perinatal loss in diabetic pregnancies is congenital malformations. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy can lead to structural abnormalities in the fetus, increasing the risk of perinatal loss.
Choice B rationale:
The most important cause of perinatal loss in diabetic pregnancy is congenital malformations. This is the correct answer. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the risk of congenital malformations in the fetus, making it a significant concern in diabetic pregnancies. Proper management of diabetes and prenatal care are essential to reduce this risk.
Choice C rationale:
Infants of mothers with diabetes have the same risks for respiratory distress syndrome because of careful monitoring. Infants of mothers with diabetes are at an increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome due to delayed lung maturation. Careful monitoring is essential, but it does not eliminate this risk. Proper management and timely interventions are necessary to minimize the impact of respiratory distress syndrome in these infants.
Choice D rationale:
At birth, the neonate of a diabetic mother is no longer at any greater risk. Infants of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for various complications, both during and after birth. These risks include hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, and hypocalcemia, among others. Close monitoring and appropriate interventions are required to ensure the well-being of the newborn.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Breastfeeding mothers can receive the live attenuated rubella virus. Rubella vaccination is part of routine postpartum care for non-immune women. Breastfeeding does not interfere with the effectiveness of the rubella vaccine.
Choice B rationale:
Rubella vaccination is indeed teratogenic and can cause congenital rubella syndrome if a woman becomes pregnant within 28 days of vaccination. It is crucial for healthcare providers to educate women about the importance of avoiding pregnancy for this period after receiving the rubella vaccine to prevent potential harm to the fetus.
Choice C rationale:
Rh immune globulin (RhIg) is given to Rh-negative mothers to prevent Rh isoimmunization. It is administered intramuscularly, not intravenously. Intravenous administration of RhIg can lead to adverse reactions and is not considered a safe route for this medication. RhIg does not have any impact on the infant's immune system.
Choice D rationale:
Rh immune globulin does not boost the immune system or enhance the effectiveness of vaccinations. Its primary function is to prevent the development of antibodies in Rh-negative individuals who have been exposed to Rh-positive blood, such as during pregnancy or delivery.
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