The symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction are:

Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.

Abdominal distention, pain, inability to have a bowel movement, and nausea/vomiting.

Dehydration, back pain, and fever.

Diarrhea and excessive thirst.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are not the primary signs of a bowel obstruction. Rectal bleeding could be indicative of other gastrointestinal issues such as hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, or colorectal cancer. While abdominal pain is a symptom of bowel obstruction, rectal bleeding is not typically associated with it.

Choice B reason: The primary symptoms of bowel obstruction include abdominal distention, pain, inability to have a bowel movement, and nausea/vomiting. When a bowel obstruction occurs, the normal movement of intestinal contents is blocked, leading to a buildup of contents and gas. This results in abdominal distention and pain. The blockage also prevents the passage of stool and gas, causing constipation or inability to have a bowel movement. Nausea and vomiting are common as the digestive system tries to expel the contents that cannot pass through the obstruction.

Choice C reason: Dehydration, back pain, and fever are not the hallmark symptoms of bowel obstruction. While dehydration can occur due to vomiting and reduced intake, back pain is not commonly associated with bowel obstruction. Fever may indicate an infection or other complications but is not a primary symptom of bowel obstruction.

Choice D reason: Diarrhea and excessive thirst are not typical signs of bowel obstruction. In fact, bowel obstruction usually leads to constipation or the inability to pass stool rather than diarrhea. Excessive thirst could be a sign of dehydration but is not specific to bowel obstruction.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction and is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke. While COPD can lead to pulmonary hypertension as a complication, it is not caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, chronic pulmonary hypertension does not directly cause COPD.

Choice B reason: Respiratory acidosis occurs when the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide from the body, leading to a decrease in blood pH. While it can be associated with various respiratory conditions, it is not a direct complication of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Chronic pulmonary hypertension primarily affects the pressure within the pulmonary arteries and the right side of the heart rather than directly causing respiratory acidosis.

Choice C reason: Pulmonary emboli are blood clots that travel to the lungs and can cause sudden obstruction of the pulmonary arteries. While pulmonary emboli can lead to acute pulmonary hypertension, they are not typically caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension. Chronic pulmonary hypertension is usually a result of long-term conditions affecting the pulmonary vasculature, whereas pulmonary emboli are acute events.

Choice D reason: Right heart failure, also known as Cor Pulmonale, is a direct complication of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Chronic pulmonary hypertension increases the pressure in the pulmonary arteries, causing the right side of the heart to work harder to pump blood through the lungs. Over time, this increased workload can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscle) and eventual failure. Cor Pulmonale is a significant consequence of chronic pulmonary hypertension and can lead to symptoms such as edema, ascites, and fatigue.

A. Abnormally dilated arteries and veins. B. Deep vein thrombosis. C. Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, leading to the narrowing of arteries. D. Autonomic nervous system imbalances.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Abnormally dilated arteries and veins, also known as aneurysms and varicose veins respectively, can occur due to various conditions. However, they are not the primary cause of stable angina and atherosclerosis. Aneurysms involve an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel, while varicose veins refer to enlarged, twisted veins commonly found in the legs. These conditions do not directly cause the chronic narrowing of arteries that characterize atherosclerosis and lead to stable angina.

Choice B reason: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Although DVT is a serious medical condition that can lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism if the clot travels to the lungs, it is not related to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis or stable angina. DVT involves venous circulation, whereas atherosclerosis and angina involve the arterial system, specifically the coronary arteries.

Choice C reason: Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, also known as atherosclerosis, is the primary cause of stable angina. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of plaque within the arterial walls, leading to their hardening and narrowing. This process reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, causing ischemia, which presents as chest pain, known as angina. Stable angina is a symptom of this chronic condition, which can lead to more severe cardiovascular events if left untreated.

Choice D reason: Autonomic nervous system imbalances involve abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. While autonomic dysfunction can contribute to various cardiovascular issues and symptoms such as irregular heartbeats or blood pressure changes, it is not the underlying cause of atherosclerosis or stable angina. Atherosclerosis is primarily a disease of the arterial walls, while autonomic dysfunction pertains to the regulation of bodily systems.

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The symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction are:

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Chronic pulmonary hypertension can eventually cause which complication?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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