The symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction are:
Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.
Abdominal distention, pain, inability to have a bowel movement, and nausea/vomiting.
Dehydration, back pain, and fever.
Diarrhea and excessive thirst.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are not the primary signs of a bowel obstruction. Rectal bleeding could be indicative of other gastrointestinal issues such as hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, or colorectal cancer. While abdominal pain is a symptom of bowel obstruction, rectal bleeding is not typically associated with it.
Choice B reason: The primary symptoms of bowel obstruction include abdominal distention, pain, inability to have a bowel movement, and nausea/vomiting. When a bowel obstruction occurs, the normal movement of intestinal contents is blocked, leading to a buildup of contents and gas. This results in abdominal distention and pain. The blockage also prevents the passage of stool and gas, causing constipation or inability to have a bowel movement. Nausea and vomiting are common as the digestive system tries to expel the contents that cannot pass through the obstruction.
Choice C reason: Dehydration, back pain, and fever are not the hallmark symptoms of bowel obstruction. While dehydration can occur due to vomiting and reduced intake, back pain is not commonly associated with bowel obstruction. Fever may indicate an infection or other complications but is not a primary symptom of bowel obstruction.
Choice D reason: Diarrhea and excessive thirst are not typical signs of bowel obstruction. In fact, bowel obstruction usually leads to constipation or the inability to pass stool rather than diarrhea. Excessive thirst could be a sign of dehydration but is not specific to bowel obstruction.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Normal Saline is an isotonic crystalloid solution that is commonly used to treat hypovolemic shock. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a significant loss of blood or fluids, leading to decreased circulating blood volume and impaired tissue perfusion. The administration of Normal Saline helps to restore the intravascular volume, improve blood pressure, and enhance tissue perfusion. It is considered the first-line treatment for fluid resuscitation in hypovolemic shock because it quickly replaces lost volume without causing significant shifts in fluid balance.
Choice B reason: Vasoconstrictor agents are medications that constrict blood vessels, which can help to increase blood pressure. However, in the context of hypovolemic shock, they are not the first line of treatment. The primary issue in hypovolemic shock is the loss of blood or fluid volume, and the initial focus should be on volume replacement. Vasoconstrictor agents may be used later if there is persistent hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation, but they are not appropriate as the initial therapy.
Choice C reason: Steroids are anti-inflammatory agents that can be used in various medical conditions, but they are not indicated for the immediate treatment of hypovolemic shock. The primary concern in hypovolemic shock is rapid volume replacement to restore perfusion. Steroids do not address the underlying issue of fluid loss and are not appropriate in this acute setting.
Choice D reason: 5% Dextrose in water is a hypotonic solution that is primarily used for providing free water and sometimes for delivering glucose. It is not suitable for treating hypovolemic shock because it does not effectively expand the intravascular volume. In fact, it can exacerbate fluid shifts and may lead to worsening hypotension. The appropriate initial therapy for hypovolemic shock is an isotonic solution like Normal Saline, which effectively increases the circulating blood volume.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Amphotericin B is typically administered intravenously because it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and thus not suitable for oral administration. It is used to treat severe systemic fungal infections and is known for its potential nephrotoxicity and other adverse effects.
Choice B reason: Azoles, such as fluconazole and itraconazole, generally have lower toxicity compared to amphotericin B. They are often used as first-line treatments for many fungal infections due to their safer side effect profile. Azoles work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, and are available in both oral and intravenous formulations, making them more versatile in their use.
Choice C reason: While amphotericin B does have some drug interactions, it is not typically known for significantly increasing the levels of many other drugs. Instead, the primary concern with amphotericin B is its potential for nephrotoxicity and other direct adverse effects on the patient.
Choice D reason: Both amphotericin B and azoles are considered broad-spectrum antifungal agents. Amphotericin B is effective against a wide range of fungi, including many that are resistant to other antifungal agents. Azoles are also broad-spectrum and are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, but they generally have a better safety profile than amphotericin B.
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