A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting chest pain and is diagnosed with stable angina and atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:
Abnormally dilated arteries and veins.
Deep vein thrombosis.
Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, leading to the narrowing of arteries.
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: Abnormally dilated arteries and veins, also known as aneurysms and varicose veins respectively, can occur due to various conditions. However, they are not the primary cause of stable angina and atherosclerosis. Aneurysms involve an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel, while varicose veins refer to enlarged, twisted veins commonly found in the legs. These conditions do not directly cause the chronic narrowing of arteries that characterize atherosclerosis and lead to stable angina.
Choice B reason: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Although DVT is a serious medical condition that can lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism if the clot travels to the lungs, it is not related to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis or stable angina. DVT involves venous circulation, whereas atherosclerosis and angina involve the arterial system, specifically the coronary arteries.
Choice C reason: Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, also known as atherosclerosis, is the primary cause of stable angina. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of plaque within the arterial walls, leading to their hardening and narrowing. This process reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, causing ischemia, which presents as chest pain, known as angina. Stable angina is a symptom of this chronic condition, which can lead to more severe cardiovascular events if left untreated.
Choice D reason: Autonomic nervous system dysfunction involves abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. While autonomic dysfunction can contribute to various cardiovascular issues and symptoms such as irregular heartbeats or blood pressure changes, it is not the underlying cause of atherosclerosis or stable angina. Atherosclerosis is primarily a disease of the arterial walls, while autonomic dysfunction pertains to the regulation of bodily systems.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Severe hypotension is associated with prerenal acute kidney injury, not postrenal. Prerenal acute kidney injury results from decreased blood flow to the kidneys due to conditions like severe hypotension, leading to reduced kidney perfusion.
Choice B reason: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a form of intrinsic or intrarenal acute kidney injury, not postrenal. ATN is typically caused by prolonged ischemia or exposure to nephrotoxic agents, which directly damage the kidney tubules.
Choice C reason: Postrenal acute kidney injury is caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract that prevents urine from leaving the kidneys, leading to increased pressure and kidney damage. Bilateral kidney stones partially blocking the flow of urine can cause such an obstruction, leading to postrenal acute kidney injury.
Choice D reason: Glomerulonephritis is a type of intrinsic or intrarenal acute kidney injury, not postrenal. It involves inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, the filtering units within the kidneys, and is not typically caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hypernatremia (high sodium levels) is not typically associated with ACE inhibitors like enalapril. These medications do not significantly affect sodium levels in the body.
Choice B reason: Hypokalemia (low potassium levels) is not a common concern with ACE inhibitors. In fact, these medications can sometimes cause the opposite effect, leading to higher potassium levels.
Choice C reason: Hypertension (high blood pressure) is the condition that ACE inhibitors like enalapril are prescribed to treat. While monitoring blood pressure is important, it is not the specific concern related to potassium levels.
Choice D reason: Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) is a significant concern for patients taking ACE inhibitors like enalapril. These medications can increase potassium levels in the blood, which can lead to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, patients need to be monitored carefully for signs of hyperkalemia, and their potassium levels should be checked regularly.
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