A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting chest pain and is diagnosed with stable angina and atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:

Abnormally dilated arteries and veins.

Deep vein thrombosis.

Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, leading to the narrowing of arteries.

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: Abnormally dilated arteries and veins, also known as aneurysms and varicose veins respectively, can occur due to various conditions. However, they are not the primary cause of stable angina and atherosclerosis. Aneurysms involve an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel, while varicose veins refer to enlarged, twisted veins commonly found in the legs. These conditions do not directly cause the chronic narrowing of arteries that characterize atherosclerosis and lead to stable angina.

Choice B reason: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Although DVT is a serious medical condition that can lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism if the clot travels to the lungs, it is not related to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis or stable angina. DVT involves venous circulation, whereas atherosclerosis and angina involve the arterial system, specifically the coronary arteries.

Choice C reason: Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, also known as atherosclerosis, is the primary cause of stable angina. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of plaque within the arterial walls, leading to their hardening and narrowing. This process reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, causing ischemia, which presents as chest pain, known as angina. Stable angina is a symptom of this chronic condition, which can lead to more severe cardiovascular events if left untreated.

Choice D reason: Autonomic nervous system dysfunction involves abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. While autonomic dysfunction can contribute to various cardiovascular issues and symptoms such as irregular heartbeats or blood pressure changes, it is not the underlying cause of atherosclerosis or stable angina. Atherosclerosis is primarily a disease of the arterial walls, while autonomic dysfunction pertains to the regulation of bodily systems.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Nonadherence to the antiviral regimen could lead to a resurgence of HIV symptoms and a higher viral load, but it is not typically associated with the symptoms of increased hunger, thirst, and frequent urination described by the patient.

Choice B reason: Pancreatic infiltration by HIV is a rare complication and would not be the first suspicion in this scenario. While HIV can affect multiple organs, the symptoms described are more suggestive of metabolic issues rather than direct infiltration of the pancreas.

Choice C reason: An allergic reaction to the medication would more likely present with symptoms such as rash, itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing rather than the metabolic symptoms described. Allergic reactions typically do not cause increased hunger, thirst, or frequent urination.

Choice D reason: Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) is the most likely cause of the symptoms described. Protease inhibitors can lead to metabolic side effects, including insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased hunger (polyphagia), increased thirst (polydipsia), and frequent urination (polyuria). These findings are consistent with the patient's complaints and should be investigated further to manage the side effects of the medication.

A. Cardiac dysrhythmias B. Hypotension C. Hypothyroidism D. Heart failure E. Stage fright

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Beta blockers are commonly used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). They work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which helps to reduce the heart rate and regulate the rhythm. This makes beta blockers effective in managing conditions such as atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and supraventricular tachycardia.

Choice B reason: Hypotension (low blood pressure) is not typically treated with beta blockers. In fact, beta blockers can sometimes lower blood pressure, so they are usually avoided in patients with pre-existing hypotension. Instead, other medications or treatments are used to manage low blood pressure.

Choice C reason: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is not treated with beta blockers. The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy, usually with levothyroxine. Beta blockers do not address the underlying issue of thyroid hormone deficiency and are not used in the management of this condition.

Choice D reason: Beta blockers are used to treat heart failure, particularly in patients with systolic heart failure. They help to reduce the workload on the heart, improve heart function, and decrease the risk of hospitalization and mortality. By slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of contraction, beta blockers can help to manage symptoms and improve outcomes in heart failure patients.

Choice E reason: Beta blockers are used to treat stage fright (performance anxiety) because they help to control physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, trembling, and sweating. By blocking the effects of adrenaline, beta blockers can help individuals feel calmer and more composed during stressful situations, such as public speaking or performing in front of an audience.

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A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting chest pain and is diagnosed with stable angina and atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Which are conditions that may be treated using beta blockers? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

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