A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting chest pain and is diagnosed with stable angina and atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:

Abnormally dilated arteries and veins.

Deep vein thrombosis.

Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, leading to the narrowing of arteries.

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: Abnormally dilated arteries and veins, also known as aneurysms and varicose veins respectively, can occur due to various conditions. However, they are not the primary cause of stable angina and atherosclerosis. Aneurysms involve an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel, while varicose veins refer to enlarged, twisted veins commonly found in the legs. These conditions do not directly cause the chronic narrowing of arteries that characterize atherosclerosis and lead to stable angina.

Choice B reason: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Although DVT is a serious medical condition that can lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism if the clot travels to the lungs, it is not related to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis or stable angina. DVT involves venous circulation, whereas atherosclerosis and angina involve the arterial system, specifically the coronary arteries.

Choice C reason: Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls, also known as atherosclerosis, is the primary cause of stable angina. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of plaque within the arterial walls, leading to their hardening and narrowing. This process reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, causing ischemia, which presents as chest pain, known as angina. Stable angina is a symptom of this chronic condition, which can lead to more severe cardiovascular events if left untreated.

Choice D reason: Autonomic nervous system dysfunction involves abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. While autonomic dysfunction can contribute to various cardiovascular issues and symptoms such as irregular heartbeats or blood pressure changes, it is not the underlying cause of atherosclerosis or stable angina. Atherosclerosis is primarily a disease of the arterial walls, while autonomic dysfunction pertains to the regulation of bodily systems.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Measures to decrease LDL levels in the elderly would indeed affect the progression of cardiovascular disease. Lowering LDL levels through lifestyle changes, medication, or both can significantly reduce the risk of further heart-related events and slow the progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, this statement is incorrect because managing LDL levels remains crucial for elderly patients with a history of myocardial infarction.

Choice B reason: Increased LDL levels are not specifically indicative of moderate alcohol intake. While excessive alcohol consumption can affect lipid levels, the primary significance of elevated LDL is its association with the risk of cardiovascular disease, not alcohol intake. Therefore, advising patients to abstain from alcohol based solely on increased LDL levels is not a precise recommendation.

Choice C reason: Increased LDL levels are directly associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). LDL, often referred to as "bad cholesterol," contributes to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to atherosclerosis. This condition narrows and hardens the arteries, increasing the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular events. Monitoring and managing LDL levels is crucial in preventing the progression of CAD, especially in patients with a history of myocardial infarction.

Choice D reason: Elevated LDL levels are not simply an expected finding in the elderly and should not be dismissed as insignificant. Regardless of age, high LDL levels are a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular conditions. Elderly patients, particularly those with a history of myocardial infarction, should have their LDL levels monitored and managed to reduce the risk of future heart-related events.

A. Nonadherence to the antiviral regimen. B. Pancreatic infiltration by HIV. C. Allergic reaction. D. Hyperglycemia.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Nonadherence to the antiviral regimen could lead to a resurgence of HIV symptoms and a higher viral load, but it is not typically associated with the symptoms of increased hunger, thirst, and frequent urination described by the patient.

Choice B reason: Pancreatic infiltration by HIV is a rare complication and would not be the first suspicion in this scenario. While HIV can affect multiple organs, the symptoms described are more suggestive of metabolic issues rather than direct infiltration of the pancreas.

Choice C reason: An allergic reaction to the medication would more likely present with symptoms such as rash, itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing rather than the metabolic symptoms described. Allergic reactions typically do not cause increased hunger, thirst, or frequent urination.

Choice D reason: Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) is the most likely cause of the symptoms described. Protease inhibitors can lead to metabolic side effects, including insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased hunger (polyphagia), increased thirst (polydipsia), and frequent urination (polyuria). These findings are consistent with the patient's complaints and should be investigated further to manage the side effects of the medication.

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A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting chest pain and is diagnosed with stable angina and atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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