What are some of the environmental factors that can influence the psychosocial changes in older adults?

The correct answer isA, D, and E.

Here is why:.

A. Elevated white blood cell count.

This is a sign of infection and inflammation in the body, which can be caused by a UTI.An elevated white blood cell count can also indicate a complication of UTI such as pyelonephritis (kidney infection) or sepsis (blood infection).

D. Altered mental status.

This is a common symptom of UTI in older adults, especially those with dementia or other cognitive impairments.UTIs can cause confusion, agitation, delirium, or behavioral changes in the elderly due to the effects of infection and inflammation on the brain.

E. Positive urine culture.

This is the definitive test to diagnose a UTI, as it identifies the type and number of bacteria present in the urine.A positive urine culture confirms the presence of a UTI and guides the appropriate antimicrobial treatment.

The other choices are wrong because:.

•.

B. Decreased serum creatinine level.

This is not a sign of UTI or its complications.

Serum creatinine is a measure of kidney function, and it usually increases when the kidneys are damaged or impaired.A decreased serum creatinine level may indicate other conditions such as liver disease, muscle wasting, or malnutrition.

•.

C. Increased urine specific gravity.

This is not a sign of UTI or its complications.

Urine specific gravity is a measure of urine concentration, and it usually increases when the body is dehydrated or has high levels of solutes in the urine.An increased urine specific gravity may indicate other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, heart failure, or dehydration.

Normal ranges for some of these tests are:.

• White blood cell count: 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood.

• Serum creatinine: 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for men and 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women.

• Urine specific gravity: 1.005 to 1.030.

The correct answer isD.

All of the above.

The nurse should take all of the actions listed to provide effective pain management for the older adult client who has depression and chronic pain in his lower back.

• Choice Ais correct because assessing the pain using a valid and reliable pain scale is essential for determining the severity and impact of pain, as well as monitoring the response to treatment.

• Choice Bis correct because administering analgesic medications as prescribed can help reduce pain and improve function.

The nurse should also monitor for effectiveness and side effects, especially in older adults who may have altered drug metabolism, polypharmacy, and increased risk of adverse events.

• Choice Cis correct because providing non-pharmacological interventions can enhance pain relief, reduce medication use, and address the biopsychosocial aspects of pain.

Massage, heat or cold therapy, relaxation techniques, and distraction are some examples of non-pharmacological interventions that can be used for chronic pain in older adults.

• Choice Dis correct because it includes all of the above actions, which are part of a multimodal approach to pain management that is recommended by clinical guidelines.

4 7 A multimodal approach can improve pain outcomes, reduce side effects, and address the complex needs of older adults with chronic pain.

A. Assess the location, intensity, quality and duration of the pain using a pain scale B.

Administer analgesic medications as prescribed and monitor for effectiveness and side effects C.

Provide non-pharmacological interventions such as massage, heat or cold therapy, relaxation techniques or distraction D.

All of the above