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What are the warning signs of hypovolemia?

A.

Stable blood pressure, normal urine output, and flat neck veins.

B.

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and normal blood pressure.

C.

Tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, and decreased urine output.

D.

Tachycardia, increased blood pressure, and poor skin turgor

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Stable blood pressure, normal urine output, and flat neck veins. BP and urine output are not stable in hypovolemia.

B. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and normal blood pressure. These can contribute to hypovolemia, but BP is not normal in severe cases.

C. Tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, and decreased urine output. Hypovolemia (low blood volume) causes compensatory tachycardia to maintain perfusion. BP drops due to decreased circulatory volume. Urine output decreases (<30 mL/hr) due to reduced renal perfusion.

D. Tachycardia, increased blood pressure, and poor skin turgor. BP is decreased, not increased in hypovolemia.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Decreases the chance of peptic ulcer formation: Calcium carbonate is not an antiulcer medication.

B. Prevents constipation: Calcium carbonate can cause constipation, not prevent it.

C. Increases the tubular excretion of potassium: Calcium carbonate does not directly affect potassium excretion.

D. To lower phosphorus levels: Calcium carbonate is a phosphate binder that reduces phosphorus absorption from food. In chronic renal failure, phosphorus builds up due to decreased kidney excretion, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone disease (renal osteodystrophy).

Correct Answer is {"A":{"answers":"A"},"B":{"answers":"B"},"C":{"answers":"B"},"D":{"answers":"C"}}

Explanation

Solutions

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

0.45% sodium chloride

✅

0.9% sodium chloride

✅

Lactated Ringers

✅

Albumin

✅


0.45% Sodium Chloride (Hypotonic): Has lower osmolarity than blood, causing fluid to shift into cells, making them swell. Used for dehydration and intracellular rehydration.

0.9% Sodium Chloride (Isotonic): Has the same osmolarity as blood, so it stays in the intravascular space. Used for fluid resuscitation (hypovolemia, dehydration, shock).

Lactated Ringers (Isotonic): Contains electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, lactate), making it ideal for burns, surgery, and trauma patients. Maintains intravascular volume without fluid shifts.

Albumin (Hypertonic): Large protein that pulls fluid into the intravascular space (colloid osmotic pressure). Used for hypovolemia, burns, or severe hypoalbuminemia.

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