What are two of the predisposing factors for nephrolithiasis?
Choose 2 answers.
Exposure to diesel exhaust
Atherosclerosis
High-sodium diet
Obesity
Radiotherapy to the pelvis
Long-term urinary catheter
Correct Answer : C
A. Exposure to diesel exhaust: This is unrelated to nephrolithiasis.
B. Atherosclerosis: This relates to cardiovascular disease, not kidney stones.
C. High-sodium diet increases calcium excretion in the urine, which can contribute to the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones, a common form of nephrolithiasis.
D. Obesity is a known risk factor for nephrolithiasis. It can lead to changes in urine composition that favor stone formation.
E. Radiotherapy to the pelvis: While radiotherapy can affect surrounding tissues, it is not a direct cause of nephrolithiasis.
F. Long-term urinary catheter: This is more related to infections and bladder stones rather than kidney stones.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor, leading to impaired absorption of vitamin B12, not hemolysis.
B. Anemia due to lack of Erythropoietin (EPO) is often related to chronic kidney disease and results from decreased red blood cell production, not hemolysis.
C. Anemia of chronic disease is usually due to chronic inflammation or infection and results from impaired red blood cell production, not hemolysis.
D. Sickle cell anemia is a form of hemolytic anemia where abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to their premature destruction.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Aortic valve regurgitation: This condition involves the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle, not the left atrium.
B. Mitral valve regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole.
C. Mitral valve stenosis involves the narrowing of the mitral valve, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, but does not involve backflow into the left atrium.
D. Aortic valve stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve, which restricts blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, not back into the atrium.
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