When instructing a client on the proper use of a cane, which step is essential to ensure stability and safety?

A. Diarrhea: Diarrhea is not a typical finding associated with immobility. In fact, immobility often leads to constipation due to decreased gastrointestinal motility. Factors such as diet and medication can influence bowel habits, but diarrhea is not a direct complication of immobility.

B. Contractures of the extremities: Contractures are a common complication of immobility. When a joint is not moved regularly, the muscles and tissues can shorten, leading to stiffness and loss of mobility in the affected area. This is especially common in patients who are bedridden or have limited range of motion.

C. Polyuria: Polyuria, or increased urine output, is not typically associated with immobility. Immobility can lead to decreased kidney function and fluid retention, potentially resulting in oliguria (decreased urine output) rather than polyuria.

D. Pressure ulcers: Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores, are a significant risk for individuals with limited mobility. They develop due to prolonged pressure on the skin, particularly over bony prominences, leading to skin breakdown and tissue damage. Regular repositioning and skin care are essential to prevent this complication.

E. Crackles in the lungs: Crackles can be heard during auscultation in patients who are immobile. They may develop due to fluid accumulation in the lungs, atelectasis (collapse of lung tissue), or pneumonia, which are all more likely to occur in individuals with limited mobility. Immobility can impair respiratory function, leading to these complications.

A. Keep communication simple and concrete: Using simple, straightforward language helps clients who are cognitively impaired to better understand the information being conveyed. Concrete language minimizes confusion and makes it easier for the client to process and respond to what is being said, promoting effective communication.

B. Focus on the client's family: While involving the client's family can be important for support and understanding, the primary focus should be on the client themselves. Communication techniques should prioritize addressing the needs and comprehension of the cognitively impaired client directly.

C. Use open-ended questions: Open-ended questions may be challenging for cognitively impaired clients, as they require more complex processing and can lead to confusion. It is often more effective to use closed questions that allow for simple yes or no responses, making it easier for the client to engage in the conversation.

D. Demonstrate or pantomime ideas: While demonstration can be helpful, it should complement verbal communication rather than replace it. For cognitively impaired clients, combining simple verbal instructions with visual cues or demonstrations can enhance understanding but should not be the sole technique used. It’s important to assess the individual client's abilities and preferences when employing this method.