What is the common cause of infective carditis?

Fungus

Virus

Bacterium

Ricksettsiae

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Fungus: While fungal infections can cause infective endocarditis, they are much less common compared to bacterial infections. Fungal endocarditis typically occurs in immunocompromised individuals or those with specific risk factors.

B. Virus: Viral infections can affect the heart, but they are not a common cause of infective endocarditis. Most cases of endocarditis are associated with bacterial infections rather than viral ones.

C. Bacterium: The most common cause of infective endocarditis is bacterial infection. Bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, and Enterococcus, are frequently implicated in this condition. These bacteria can enter the bloodstream and adhere to heart valves or damaged cardiac tissue, leading to infection and inflammation.

D. Rickettsiae: Rickettsial infections are caused by a specific type of bacteria that are typically transmitted through arthropod vectors, such as ticks. While they can cause various illnesses, they are not a common cause of infective endocarditis.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Myocardial infarction: Myocardial infarction involves the irreversible damage to the heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia, typically resulting from the occlusion of a coronary artery. The lack of oxygen and nutrients leads to cell death in the affected area of the heart, causing permanent damage.

B. Myocardial stunning: Myocardial stunning refers to a temporary reduction in the heart's function following reperfusion after a period of ischemia. The heart muscle may regain function over time, and this condition does not cause irreversible damage.

C. Stable angina: Stable angina is characterized by transient chest pain due to reversible ischemia, usually triggered by physical exertion or stress. The ischemic episodes do not lead to irreversible damage to the heart muscle, as blood flow is restored when the trigger is removed.

D. Unstable angina: Unstable angina involves episodes of chest pain that occur at rest or with minimal exertion and may signal an impending myocardial infarction. While it indicates a high risk of myocardial infarction, it does not cause irreversible damage to the heart muscle itself unless it progresses to an infarction.

A. Expectorating copious amounts of frothy, pink sputum B. Fine crackles throughout both lung fields C. +pitting edema in lower extremities D. Altered level of consciousness E. Jugular vein distention

Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Expecting copious amounts of frothy, pink sputum: This symptom is typically associated with left-sided heart failure or pulmonary edema, where fluid accumulates in the lungs, leading to the production of frothy, pink sputum. It is not a classic manifestation of right-sided heart failure.

B. Fine crackles throughout both lung fields: Fine crackles are more indicative of left-sided heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary congestion). In right-sided heart failure, the primary issues relate more to systemic congestion rather than pulmonary congestion.

C. +pitting edema in lower extremities: Right-sided heart failure often leads to fluid retention and peripheral edema due to increased venous pressure. Pitting edema in the lower extremities is a common clinical manifestation in patients with cor pulmonale and right-sided heart failure.

D. Altered level of consciousness: This can occur due to decreased cardiac output and resulting reduced cerebral perfusion. In right-sided heart failure, especially in advanced stages, fluid overload can lead to increased intracranial pressure, contributing to altered mental status.

E. Jugular vein distention: Jugular vein distention is a classic sign of right-sided heart failure. Increased pressure in the right atrium due to fluid overload results in distended neck veins, indicating elevated venous pressure.

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What is the common cause of infective carditis?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

This event causes irreversible damage to the heart muscle:

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Upon admission to the ICU, a client with a history of cor pulmonale will likely be exhibiting which clinical manifestations of right-sided heart failure? Select all that apply. (Select All that Apply.)

Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]

Explanation

Myocardium is rigid and noncompliant, impeding ventricular filling and raising pressures during diastole is which form of cardiomyopathy?

What electrocardiogram (ECG) change would the healthcare professional assess for when a patient's myocardial infarction through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?

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Which of the following patients who presented to a walk-in medical clinic is most likely to be diagnosed wtih a rhinosinusitis rather than a common cold?

A patient is hospitalized with chronic pericarditis. On assessment, you note the patient has pitting edema in lower extremities, crackles in lungs, and dyspnea on exertion. The patient's echocardiogram shows thickening of the pericardium. This is known as what type of pericarditis?

A disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum is the hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy?

Which clinical manifestations would you assess for in a painter with pulmonary hypertension? (Select All that Apply.)