Which cell type differentiates into macrophages once it leaves the blood and migrates to the tissues?

A. Increased afterload: Increased afterload, the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood, typically reduces stroke volume because the heart has to work harder to push blood against higher pressure.

B. Decreased heart contractility: This would reduce stroke volume, as the heart would be less effective at pumping blood.

C. Increased preload: Preload refers to the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. An increased preload stretches the heart muscle, which typically leads to a stronger contraction and higher stroke volume.

D. Decreased blood pressure: While low blood pressure may reduce afterload, it doesn't directly increase stroke volume unless other factors are at play.

A. Aldosterone hormone: Aldosterone affects sodium and potassium reabsorption, increasing water retention indirectly, but it does not directly increase water permeability in the collecting ducts.

B. Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone: This hormone decreases blood volume by inhibiting sodium reabsorption, leading to more water excretion, not reabsorption.

C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

D. Parathyroid hormone: This hormone primarily regulates calcium levels, not water permeability.