Which clinical laboratory finding is expected with diabetes insipidus?
Normal serum glucose level
Low serum sodium level
Normal serum sodium level
Elevated serum glucose level
The Correct Answer is C
Diabetes insipidus is a disorder that causes the kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute urine, resulting in dehydration and thirst. Diabetes insipidus is not related to diabetes mellitus, which affects blood glucose levels. Therefore, diabetes insipidus does not affect serum glucose levels, which are expected to be normal.
However, diabetes insipidus can affect serum sodium levels, which are a measure of the concentration of salt in the blood. Due to the loss of water from the body, serum sodium levels can become high (hypernatremia) in diabetes insipidus. However, if the patient drinks enough fluids to compensate for the urine output, serum sodium levels can remain normal.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery. It is characterized by high blood glucose levels that can affect the health of both the mother and the fetus. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyphagia (excessive hunger) are common symptoms of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose). Incontinence may occur due to increased pressure on the bladder from the growing uterus or from nerve damage caused by diabetes. An A1C test measures the average blood glucose level over the past two to three months and is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, while a level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Infectious mononucleosis, also known as mono or the kissing disease, is an upper respiratory tract infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a member of the herpesvirus family and can be transmitted through saliva or blood. The infection typically affects the lymph nodes, tonsils, and pharynx, causing symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen glands, and fatigue. The infection usually resolves on its own within a few weeks, but some people may experience complications such as splenomegaly, hepatitis, or neurological disorders. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis can be confirmed by a blood test that detects antibodies to EBV or by a mono-spot test that detects heterophile antibodies. A patient has been diagnosed with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
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