Which clinical manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease is common to both patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease?

Choice A rationale
The red blood cell (RBC) count is not typically affected by hemodialysis. Hemodialysis is a process that primarily targets the removal of waste products and excess fluid from the blood, not red blood cells.

Choice B rationale
Potassium levels are often elevated in clients with renal failure due to the kidneys' inability to excrete potassium. Hemodialysis helps to remove excess potassium from the bloodstream, thereby decreasing its levels.

Choice C rationale
Calcium levels can be affected by hemodialysis; however, they are more often managed with medication and diet rather than being directly targeted by the dialysis process itself.

Choice D rationale
Protein levels should not decrease significantly as a result of hemodialysis. The dialysis membrane is designed to allow small waste products to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins.

Choice A rationale
Smoking is a well-established risk factor for colorectal cancer. The carcinogens in tobacco smoke can lead to the formation of cancerous cells in the colon and rectum.

Choice B rationale
Obesity increases the risk of colorectal cancer, possibly due to chronic low-level inflammation associated with excess body fat, which can contribute to cancer development.

Choice C rationale
Limiting alcohol intake to less than four drinks per week is actually a protective measure against colorectal cancer, not a risk factor.

Choice D rationale
A high intake of red meat, particularly more than seven servings per week, has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer due to compounds formed during digestion that can damage the lining of the colon and rectum.

Choice E rationale
A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and grains is generally considered protective against colorectal cancer due to the fiber and nutrients they provide, not a risk factor.