Which inflammatory mediators cause the clinical manifestations of asthma?

Macrophages, monocytes, bradykinin.

B lymphocytes, serotonin, immunoglobulin D.

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins.

Helper T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, interleukin-1.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: Macrophages, monocytes, and bradykinin are involved in the inflammatory response, but they do not directly cause the symptoms of asthma. They may activate other cells and mediators that contribute to bronchoconstriction and mucus production.

Choice B reason: B lymphocytes, serotonin, and immunoglobulin D are not major players in the pathophysiology of asthma. B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins, but immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the main antibody involved in allergic asthma. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that may affect mood and sleep, but it does not cause bronchospasm. Immunoglobulin D is a rare antibody that has no known role in asthma.

Choice C reason: Histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are the main inflammatory mediators that cause the clinical manifestations of asthma. They are released by mast cells and other cells in response to allergens or irritants. They cause bronchial smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, edema, mucus secretion, and airway inflammation.

Choice D reason: Helper T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and interleukin-1 are involved in the immune response, but they do not directly cause the symptoms of asthma. They may modulate the activation and differentiation of other cells and mediators that contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Muscle weakness and motor seizures are not the most serious complication because they are signs of electrolyte imbalance, not urinary tract infection. Electrolyte imbalance is a condition where the levels of minerals and salts in the blood are too high or too low, which can affect the nerve and muscle function, causing symptoms such as weakness, spasms, or seizures. Electrolyte imbalance can be caused by various factors, such as dehydration, kidney failure, or medications.

Choice B reason: Upper abdominal pain and cramping are not the most serious complication because they are signs of gastritis, not urinary tract infection. Gastritis is a condition where the lining of the stomach is inflamed, causing symptoms such as pain, nausea, or vomiting. Gastritis can be caused by various factors, such as infections, stress, or medications.

Choice C reason: Confusion and agitation are the most serious complication because they are signs of sepsis, which is a life-threatening condition where the body's response to an infection causes widespread inflammation and organ damage. Sepsis can be caused by various types of infections, including urinary tract infection, which is an infection that affects the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. Sepsis can cause symptoms such as confusion, agitation, fever, chills, or shock.

Choice D reason: Periorbital edema and cardiac dysrhythmias are not the most serious complication because they are signs of heart failure, not urinary tract infection. Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, causing symptoms such as swelling, shortness of breath, or irregular heartbeat. Heart failure can be caused by various factors, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or diabetes.

A. Ischemia of the motor and sensory neurons in the brain B. Damage and scarring of the white matter in the brain C. Infection of the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain D. Increased amounts of epinephrine and acetylcholine in the brain

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Ischemia of the motor and sensory neurons in the brain is not the cause of multiple sclerosis, but a possible consequence of it. Ischemia is a lack of blood supply to the tissues, which may result from inflammation, thrombosis, or embolism. It may cause neuronal death, stroke, or dementia.

Choice B reason: Damage and scarring of the white matter in the brain is the best description of the cause of multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the myelin sheath, which is a protective layer that covers the nerve fibers. The damage and scarring of the myelin sheath, also called demyelination, disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses and causes various neurological symptoms.

Choice C reason: Infection of the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain is not the cause of multiple sclerosis, but a rare complication of it. Infection of the brain, also called encephalitis, may occur due to viral, bacterial, or fungal agents. It may cause fever, headache, confusion, seizures, or coma.

Choice D reason: Increased amounts of epinephrine and acetylcholine in the brain are not the cause of multiple sclerosis, but a possible effect of it. Epinephrine and acetylcholine are neurotransmitters that regulate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, respectively. They may be affected by the demyelination of the nerve fibers, which may alter the autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, or bladder control.

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Which inflammatory mediators cause the clinical manifestations of asthma?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

An older adult client is diagnosed with a severe urinary tract infection. The nurse assesses the client for which most serious complication?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The nurse provides care for a client diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The client has bilateral muscle weakness, frequent muscle spasms, and urinary retention. Which best describes the cause of these manifestations?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The nurse provides care for a patient with an 8-year history of Parkinson's disease. The patient has difficulty getting out of chairs, makes tremulous movements, and mumbles words. What is the best explanation for these clinical manifestations?

The nurse provides care for an older adult client diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia as a complication of dysphagia. Which statement best explains the increased risk of infection in the older adult population?

The nurse provides care for a client who reports burning pain, which is worse at night, in both feet. The client states the pressure of the sheets on the feet is "unbearable". Which reason is the most common cause of this type of pain?

Which term is best for the nurse to use to describe replacement of ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelial cells in the bronchi that were diagnosed in a client?

A client developed diabetes insipidus as a result of a severe traumatic brain injury. Which finding does the nurse expect to observe?

The nurse cares for a client recently diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. Which explanation best describes the microorganism that causes this disease?

Which risk factor is significant for the development of prerenal acute kidney injury?

The nurse cares for a client who has had a left-sided intracerebral hemorrhage. The client is unable to detect light and pain touch on the right arm. Which explanation best describes these observations?