Which is a clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus?

Reasoning:

Choice A reason: Addison’s disease, due to adrenal insufficiency, reduces aldosterone and cortisol production, leading to sodium loss (hyponatremia) and potassium retention (hyperkalemia). These electrolyte abnormalities result from impaired renal sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, making sodium and potassium monitoring critical for managing complications like hypotension and arrhythmias.

Choice B reason: Calcium and phosphorus abnormalities are not primary concerns in Addison’s disease. These electrolytes are more affected by parathyroid or renal disorders. Addison’s disease primarily disrupts sodium and potassium balance due to aldosterone deficiency, with calcium and phosphorus typically remaining within normal ranges unless other conditions coexist.

Choice C reason: Sodium abnormalities occur in Addison’s disease due to aldosterone deficiency, causing hyponatremia. However, chloride levels are not significantly altered, as chloride follows sodium passively. Potassium imbalances (hyperkalemia) are more critical alongside sodium, making this combination less comprehensive than sodium and potassium monitoring.

Choice D reason: Chloride and magnesium abnormalities are not hallmark features of Addison’s disease. While mild chloride changes may occur with sodium loss, magnesium is typically unaffected. The primary electrolyte disturbances involve sodium (hyponatremia) and potassium (hyperkalemia), making these the focus of monitoring in adrenal insufficiency.

Reasoning:

Choice A reason: Excessive thirst, or polydipsia, is a hallmark of diabetes insipidus. ADH deficiency leads to excessive water loss through dilute urine, causing dehydration. This triggers the thirst mechanism to compensate for fluid loss, prompting increased water intake to maintain hydration, a key clinical feature of this condition.

Choice B reason: Low urine output, or oliguria, is not associated with diabetes insipidus. This condition causes polyuria due to impaired water reabsorption from ADH deficiency, leading to large volumes of dilute urine. Low urine output is more typical of conditions like acute kidney injury or SIADH.

Choice C reason: Weight gain is not a feature of diabetes insipidus. The condition leads to water loss and dehydration, often causing weight loss due to reduced fluid volume. Weight gain might occur in conditions like SIADH, where water retention dilutes sodium and increases body fluid content.

Choice D reason: Excessive activities are not a clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus. This condition primarily affects fluid balance, causing polyuria and polydipsia. Increased activity levels are not linked to ADH deficiency, and patients may experience fatigue due to dehydration, not heightened physical activity.