Which is a rapid-acting insulin with an onset of action of less than 15 minutes?

Choice A reason: Autonomy involves respecting a patient’s right to make decisions about their care. Arranging an aid to avoid restraints supports patient safety, not decision-making capacity. This action aligns with preventing harm, not primarily empowering the client’s self-determination.

Choice B reason: Justice refers to fair resource allocation or equal treatment. Providing an aid to avoid restraints is specific to patient safety, not resource distribution or fairness across patients, making this ethical principle less relevant than nonmaleficence in this scenario.

Choice C reason: Beneficence involves actions to benefit the patient, like promoting recovery. While using an aid may benefit the client, the primary intent is to prevent harm from restraints, aligning more directly with nonmaleficence, which focuses on avoiding injury or distress.

Choice D reason: Nonmaleficence, the principle of “do no harm,” is exemplified by arranging an aid to avoid restraints, which can cause physical or psychological harm. This action prioritizes patient safety, reducing risks like skin breakdown or agitation, directly reflecting nonmaleficence in nursing practice.

Choice A reason: Decreased renal blood flow and urine concentration in older adults can lead to reduced kidney efficiency, affecting fluid balance. However, these changes primarily cause issues like nocturia or polyuria, not directly incontinence. Incontinence in this context is more related to physical limitations than renal function, making this explanation less relevant.

Choice B reason: The statement about kidneys reaching maximum size at ages 35 to 40 is factually inaccurate and irrelevant to incontinence. Kidney size does not directly correlate with urinary control. Incontinence in older adults, especially those wheelchair-bound, is more likely due to mobility or neurological issues, not kidney size.

Choice C reason: Mobility issues, such as being wheelchair-bound, can cause urinary incontinence by limiting timely access to toileting facilities. This leads to functional incontinence, where physical limitations prevent reaching the bathroom. In older adults, reduced mobility exacerbates bladder control issues, making this the most accurate explanation for the daughter.

Choice D reason: Variations in voiding frequency may occur in older adults due to bladder changes or medications, but this does not directly cause incontinence. Frequency may contribute to urgency, but the primary issue in a wheelchair-bound client is likely mobility-related, making this explanation less precise than mobility issues.