Which is an element of negative feedback?

They are not used extensively in high-level nursing research: This statement is not accurate. Middle-range nursing theories are frequently used in nursing research, especially in studies focusing on specific areas or phenomena within nursing. Researchers often apply middle-range theories to guide their studies and develop hypotheses, making them an essential part of high-level nursing research.

They form the foundation for the current evidence-based practice movement: This statement is accurate. Middle-range nursing theories provide the framework for evidence-based practice. They offer specific concepts and relationships that guide research and practice. By using these theories as a foundation, nurses can integrate research findings into their practice, leading to evidence-based care.

They do not focus on abstract concepts: This statement is partially accurate. Middle-range nursing theories focus on specific concepts related to a particular aspect of nursing care. While they may not be as abstract as grand theories, they are not entirely devoid of abstract concepts. Middle-range theories still involve theoretical and conceptual thinking, albeit in a more focused and specific manner.

They are often developed into major nursing theories: This statement is not accurate. Middle-range nursing theories are distinct from major nursing theories. Major nursing theories, often referred to as grand theories, are more comprehensive and abstract, attempting to explain the overall phenomenon of nursing. Middle-range theories, on the other hand, focus on narrower aspects of nursing practice and are not typically developed into grand theories.

Libel: Libel is a form of defamation that occurs in written or printed words, pictures, or any form other than spoken words or gestures. Since the nurse's actions involved spoken words, it doesn't constitute libel.

Fraud: Fraud involves intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive someone of a legal right. While the nurse's actions were inappropriate and unprofessional, they don't necessarily involve financial or material deception, which is a characteristic of fraud.

Slander: Slander is a form of defamation that involves making false spoken statements that harm the reputation of another person. In this case, the nurse verbally spread false and damaging information about the client, harming their professional reputation.

Malpractice: Malpractice refers to professional negligence or a professional misconduct that results in harm to a patient. While the nurse's actions were inappropriate, they might not directly fall under the category of malpractice unless the client suffered harm due to the nurse's statements impacting their medical care.