How can a nurse acknowledge a client's autonomy?

The client's spouse: While the spouse may be a close family member and have significant input into the client's medical decisions, the ultimate authority for decisions like a DNR order rests with the client, assuming they are competent to make their own decisions.

The client's only child: Similar to the spouse, a child can have an emotional and supportive role in the decision-making process, but unless legally designated as the healthcare proxy or power of attorney for healthcare decisions, they do not typically have the legal authority to make decisions for a competent adult.

The client: In the context of medical decision-making, the principle of patient autonomy is fundamental. If the client is competent and capable of making decisions, their wishes and consent are paramount. In the case of a DNR order, it should be discussed thoroughly with the client, ensuring they understand the implications, risks, and benefits before making an informed decision.

Any close blood-related relative: In general, the authority to make medical decisions, including DNR orders, is not automatically granted to any blood-related relative. The client or their legally appointed representative (such as a healthcare proxy) usually holds this authority.

Living will: A living will is a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves due to illness or incapacity. It outlines the medical treatments an individual would like to receive or not receive, particularly in end-of-life situations.

Client's Bill of Rights: This document outlines the rights and responsibilities of clients receiving medical care. It does not specifically contain a client's written wishes about healthcare decisions in case of incapacity.

Welfare rights: Welfare rights refer to the legal rights of individuals to receive assistance from the government, typically in the form of financial aid or social services, to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare. This is not related to healthcare decision-making for incapacitated individuals.

Informed consent: Informed consent is the process where a patient is informed about the potential risks, benefits, and alternatives of a medical procedure or treatment. While important for medical decision-making, it is not the specific document where a client's written wishes about healthcare decisions are recorded for situations where they are unable to make decisions themselves.