Which is the last step in skin repair?

A. pollination
This refers to the transfer of pollen in plants; unrelated to skin physiology.

B. keratinization
Keratinization is the process by which skin cells produce keratin and move upward in the epidermis, but it does not refer to shedding.

C. denaturation
Denaturation refers to the alteration of protein structure due to heat, pH, or chemicals-doesn’t apply to normal skin turnover.

D. germination
Germination refers to seed sprouting in plants, not skin cell behavior.

E. desquamation
Desquamation is the shedding of dead, keratinized cells from the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum).

A. osteoporosis
This is a condition of reduced bone mass, often due to calcium/Vitamin D deficiency or hormonal imbalance-not defective collagen.

B. osteogenesis imperfecta
Known as “brittle bone disease”, osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder caused by defective or insufficient type I collagen, leading to fragile bones.

C. osteomalacia
Caused by Vitamin D deficiency, leading to soft bones due to defective mineralization, not collagen defects.

D. osteoarthritis
Degeneration of articular cartilage due to aging or wear-and-tear, not a collagen production issue.

E. osteopetrosis
A bone resorption disorder due to defective osteoclasts, resulting in abnormally dense but brittle bones-not due to collagen abnormalities.

F. fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
A rare genetic disorder in which soft tissue gradually turns into bone, unrelated to collagen production.