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Which of the following are common manifestations of encopresis? (Select All that Apply.)

Frequent, loose bowel movements

Abdominal pain or discomfort

Excessive thirst

Difficulty concentrating

Weight gain

Excessive flatulence

Soiling of underwear or clothing

Frequent urination

Blood in the stool

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,F,G

A. Encopresis is typically associated with constipation and fecal impaction, not frequent loose bowel movements.

B. Abdominal discomfort is common due to fecal retention.

C. Excessive thirst is not a symptom of encopresis.

D. Difficulty concentrating is not directly related to encopresis.

E. Weight gain is not a typical manifestation of encopresis.

F. Flatulence can occur due to retained stool and gas buildup.

G. Soiling is a hallmark feature of encopresis.

H. Frequent urination is not commonly associated with encopresis.

I. Blood in the stool is more indicative of other gastrointestinal conditions.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Twisting of the intestine describes volvulus, not intussusception.

B. Weakened abdominal muscles and bulging describe hernias, not intussusception.

C. Intussusception occurs when a part of the intestine telescopes into another part, leading to obstruction and potential ischemia.

D. Intussusception is not a congenital defect related to improper intestinal wall formation.

A. A sputum culture B. A stool fat content analysis C. Sweat chloride test D. Pulmonary function tests

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. A sputum culture can identify infections associated with cystic fibrosis but does not confirm the diagnosis.

B. A stool fat content analysis can indicate malabsorption, a symptom of cystic fibrosis, but it is not diagnostic.

C. The sweat chloride test measures the concentration of chloride in sweat and is the gold standard for diagnosing cystic fibrosis. Elevated chloride levels confirm the diagnosis.

D. Pulmonary function tests assess lung function and can help manage the disease but are not diagnostic of cystic fibrosis.

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Which of the following are common manifestations of encopresis? (Select All that Apply.)

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