Which of the following are risk factors for the development of breast cancer? Select All that Apply.

History of fibrocystic breast tissue

Obesity

BRCA1 negative

Chronic fatigue

Smoking

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,E

A. History of fibrocystic breast tissue: Fibrocystic breast tissue is associated with a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer. While it is not a direct cause, women with fibrocystic changes may have a higher likelihood of developing breast cancer, particularly if there are other risk factors present.

B. Obesity: Obesity is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, especially after menopause. Higher levels of body fat can increase estrogen levels, which in turn may promote the growth of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer cells.

C. BRCA1 negative: A negative BRCA1 gene test means that the individual does not carry a known genetic mutation that significantly increases the risk of breast cancer. The presence of a BRCA1 mutation is linked to a higher risk, while BRCA1 negative does not increase risk.

D. Chronic fatigue: Chronic fatigue is not a recognized risk factor for breast cancer. While it may be a symptom of other underlying conditions, it does not increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

E. Smoking: Smoking is a known risk factor for many cancers, including breast cancer. Chemicals in tobacco can cause DNA damage in breast tissue, leading to an increased risk of cancer, particularly in premenopausal women.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. 45: PSA screening is not typically recommended for men at average risk starting at age 45. It is usually considered for men at higher risk, such as those with a family history of prostate cancer.

B. 65: While discussions about PSA screening can occur around age 65, it is generally recommended to start earlier for men at average risk, around age 55, for better early detection.

C. 55: The American Cancer Society recommends starting discussions about PSA screening at age 55 for men at average risk of prostate cancer. This allows for informed decision-making regarding the potential benefits and risks of screening.

D. 40: Screening at age 40 is typically reserved for men at high risk, such as those with a family history of prostate cancer. For men at average risk, screening generally begins at age 55.

A. Hoarseness B. Increased appetite C. Difficulty swallowing D. Neck swelling E. Constipation

Correct Answer is ["A","C","D"]

Explanation

A. Hoarseness: Hoarseness is a common clinical manifestation of thyroid cancer, especially when the tumor affects the vocal cords or the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This may occur due to direct compression or invasion of the surrounding tissues in the neck, including the larynx.

B. Increased appetite: Increased appetite is associated with hyperthyroidism rather than thyroid cancer itself. Thyroid cancer often does not significantly alter thyroid hormone levels in its early stages, and therefore, an increased appetite is not a direct clinical manifestation.

C. Difficulty swallowing: Difficulty swallowing, or dysphagia, is a common symptom of thyroid cancer, particularly if the tumor enlarges and compresses the esophagus or other structures in the neck. This can interfere with the passage of food through the throat.

D. Neck swelling: Neck swelling, particularly a lump or nodule in the thyroid gland, is one of the most common clinical manifestations of thyroid cancer. The mass can be palpable and is often the first noticeable sign. It may be associated with other symptoms such as pain or difficulty swallowing.

E. Constipation: Constipation is not directly linked to thyroid cancer. While thyroid dysfunction (especially hypothyroidism) may cause constipation, this symptom is not a typical manifestation of thyroid cancer itself.

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Which of the following are risk factors for the development of breast cancer? Select All that Apply.

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What is the recommended age to start discussions about PSA screening for males at average risk of developing prostate cancer?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Which of the following are clinical manifestations for thyroid cancer? Select all that apply

Correct Answer is ["A","C","D"]

Explanation

A 64-year-old African American man comes into the emergency department with a complaint of right upper arm pain. The client denies falling or any trauma to the extremity. The X-ray revealed a fracture of the right humerus. The nurse anticipates which of the following diagnosis?

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