Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS and its impact on the immune system?
HIV targets macrophages, resulting in decreased phagocytic activity and antigen presentation
HIV primarily targets T lymphocytes, leading to decreased production of antibodies.
HIV infects B lymphocytes, impairing the body's ability to recognize and respond to pathogens.
HIV infects CD4+ T lymphocytes, causing progressive depletion of these cells and weakening the immune system.
The Correct Answer is D
A. HIV targets macrophages, resulting in decreased phagocytic activity and antigen presentation: HIV can infect macrophages, but this is not the primary mechanism of immune suppression. Macrophage dysfunction contributes to immunodeficiency but is secondary to CD4+ T-cell depletion.
B. HIV primarily targets T lymphocytes, leading to decreased production of antibodies: HIV affects T lymphocytes, but the main consequence is the loss of CD4+ helper cells, which indirectly affects B-cell function. Antibody production is impaired, but the central issue is T-cell depletion.
C. HIV infects B lymphocytes, impairing the body's ability to recognize and respond to pathogens: HIV does not directly infect B cells. B-cell dysfunction occurs secondary to the loss of helper T-cell support, leading to inadequate immune responses.
D. HIV infects CD4+ T lymphocytes, causing progressive depletion of these cells and weakening the immune system: The virus targets CD4+ T-helper cells, gradually destroying them, which impairs both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, leaving the client susceptible to opportunistic infections and AIDS-related complications.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Symmetrical chest expansion: In a tension pneumothorax, chest expansion is usually asymmetrical because air trapped in the pleural space prevents full lung expansion on the affected side. Symmetrical movement would not be expected in this condition.
B. Tracheal deviation away from the affected side: This is a hallmark sign of tension pneumothorax. As intrapleural pressure increases, the mediastinum shifts, pushing the trachea and other structures toward the unaffected side, which is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
C. Increased breath sounds on the affected side: Breath sounds are typically absent or markedly diminished over the affected lung due to lung collapse. Increased breath sounds would not occur in the presence of trapped air compressing the lung.
D. Hyperresonance to percussion on the affected side: Hyperresonance can occur with a simple pneumothorax due to excess air in the pleural cavity. However, while present, it is not as specific or critical as tracheal deviation, which directly indicates a tension pneumothorax.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Maintain reality through frequent contact: Helping the client stay oriented and distinguishing delusions from reality is important in schizophrenia care. However, this can only be effectively implemented after ensuring the client is safe and not experiencing acute agitation that could escalate into harm to self or others.
B. Assess community support systems: Evaluating long-term support systems is a vital part of discharge planning and continuity of care. While important, it is not the immediate priority during initial client assessment, especially if the client is showing signs of acute psychosis or agitation.
C. Encourage client to participate in the treatment milieu: Social engagement in the therapeutic environment helps reduce isolation and promotes recovery. However, this intervention is only effective after the nurse ensures that the client is calm, stable, and safe to interact with others.
D. Observe for signs of fear or agitation: This is the priority because safety and stabilization are the first concerns in schizophrenia care. Fear or agitation can quickly escalate to aggression or self-harm, so early observation allows the nurse to intervene promptly and prevent harm while planning further care.
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