Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS and its impact on the immune system?

HIV targets macrophages, resulting in decreased phagocytic activity and antigen presentation

HIV primarily targets T lymphocytes, leading to decreased production of antibodies.

HIV infects B lymphocytes, impairing the body's ability to recognize and respond to pathogens.

HIV infects CD4+ T lymphocytes, causing progressive depletion of these cells and weakening the immune system.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. HIV targets macrophages, resulting in decreased phagocytic activity and antigen presentation: HIV can infect macrophages, but this is not the primary mechanism of immune suppression. Macrophage dysfunction contributes to immunodeficiency but is secondary to CD4+ T-cell depletion.

B. HIV primarily targets T lymphocytes, leading to decreased production of antibodies: HIV affects T lymphocytes, but the main consequence is the loss of CD4+ helper cells, which indirectly affects B-cell function. Antibody production is impaired, but the central issue is T-cell depletion.

C. HIV infects B lymphocytes, impairing the body's ability to recognize and respond to pathogens: HIV does not directly infect B cells. B-cell dysfunction occurs secondary to the loss of helper T-cell support, leading to inadequate immune responses.

D. HIV infects CD4+ T lymphocytes, causing progressive depletion of these cells and weakening the immune system: The virus targets CD4+ T-helper cells, gradually destroying them, which impairs both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, leaving the client susceptible to opportunistic infections and AIDS-related complications.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. High-calorie, high-protein diet: Increased work of breathing elevates caloric needs, and protein supports respiratory muscle strength and tissue repair. Adequate calories and protein help prevent weight loss and muscle wasting.

B. Bland, soft diet: While easier to chew, a bland soft diet does not specifically meet the increased nutritional needs of COPD clients. It may be helpful in other conditions but is not the best choice here.

C. Low-fat, low-cholesterol diet: Although heart-healthy, this diet does not address the elevated energy and protein demands of COPD. Restricting fat unnecessarily can limit caloric intake, worsening malnutrition in these clients.

D. Low-sodium, high-calorie diet: Sodium restriction is more critical for conditions like hypertension or heart failure. In COPD, the emphasis should be on high-calorie and high-protein intake rather than sodium control unless comorbidities require it.

A. Provide fluids and monitor electrolytes to prevent dehydration B. Increase the dose of haloperidol to manage agitation C. Withhold the haloperidol and initiate cooling measures D. Administer a dose of acetaminophen to reduce the fever

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Provide fluids and monitor electrolytes to prevent dehydration: Hydration and electrolyte balance are important supportive measures in Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS), but they are not the immediate priority. The underlying cause, dopamine blockade from antipsychotics, must first be addressed by stopping the offending drug.

B. Increase the dose of haloperidol to manage agitation: Increasing the antipsychotic dose would worsen NMS, as haloperidol and other dopamine antagonists are the main cause. This intervention would intensify muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and autonomic instability.

C. Withhold the haloperidol and initiate cooling measures: This is the priority action. Immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic removes the trigger, while cooling helps reduce hyperthermia. These steps prevent progression of the life-threatening syndrome and stabilize the client.

D. Administer a dose of acetaminophen to reduce the fever: Acetaminophen may lower temperature in infections, but in NMS the hyperthermia results from severe muscle rigidity and altered hypothalamic regulation. Cooling measures and stopping the medication are more effective interventions than antipyretics alone.

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Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS and its impact on the immune system?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which diet would be most appropriate for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

When a client on an acute psychiatric unit develops Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize in the management of this condition?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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