Which of the following comorbid conditions might a nurse expect to see in a client who has ADHD?

Down syndrome.

Spinal stenosis.

Schizophrenia.

Learning disabilities.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A rationale

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, resulting in intellectual disability and characteristic physical features. It is a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder with a genetic basis and is not typically a comorbid condition with ADHD, which is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by attention difficulties, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Choice B rationale

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to pain, numbness, and weakness. It is a structural musculoskeletal condition with no known direct etiological or common comorbid link to ADHD, which is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting executive functions and behavioral regulation.

Choice C rationale

Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. While both ADHD and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental disorders, they represent distinct clinical entities with different primary symptom presentations and neurobiological underpinnings. Although co-occurrence can happen, it's not a commonly expected comorbidity in the typical ADHD population.

Choice D rationale

Learning disabilities are highly common comorbid conditions in individuals with ADHD. Both conditions involve difficulties in academic functioning, and the presence of ADHD symptoms such as inattention and impulsivity can significantly exacerbate learning challenges. This comorbidity arises from overlapping neurocognitive deficits, particularly in executive functions, which are critical for both attention regulation and learning processes.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A rationale

Schizophrenia diagnosis commonly occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, typically between the ages of 15 and 30 years. Diagnosis under the age of 12 is rare, often referred to as childhood-onset schizophrenia, and represents a very small percentage of cases.

Choice B rationale

People diagnosed with schizophrenia are not inherently more violent than others. While a small subset with untreated severe symptoms may exhibit aggression, the vast majority are not violent. Stigmatizing individuals with schizophrenia as violent is a harmful misconception.

Choice C rationale

Research consistently indicates that biologically female clients are typically diagnosed with schizophrenia later than biologically male clients. The peak age of onset for males is usually in the late teens to early twenties, whereas for females, it is generally in the late twenties to early thirties.

Choice D rationale

Biologically male clients are typically diagnosed with schizophrenia earlier than biologically female clients. This observed difference in onset age suggests potential variations in neurodevelopmental processes or hormonal influences that may contribute to the expression of the disorder.

A. Young adulthood. B. School-age. C. Older adulthood. D. Preschooler.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale

Schizophrenia typically manifests in young adulthood, with the peak age of onset for males generally in the late teens to early twenties, and for females, in the early twenties to early thirties. This period is critical for neurodevelopment and social integration, making the emergence of such a debilitating illness particularly disruptive. Early identification and intervention during this developmental stage are crucial for mitigating long-term disability and improving outcomes.

Choice B rationale

Schizophrenia very rarely presents during the school-age period. While some very early signs or risk factors might be present, a full diagnosis of schizophrenia in school-aged children is exceptionally uncommon and would warrant extensive differential diagnosis to rule out other neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions. The brain developmental stage in this age group does not typically align with the common onset patterns of the disorder.

Choice C rationale

While late-onset schizophrenia, defined as onset after age 40, does occur, it is significantly less common than onset in young adulthood. Very late-onset schizophrenia, after age 60, is even rarer and often has different clinical features, such as more prominent hallucinations and less disorganization. The vast majority of diagnoses are made much earlier in life.

Choice D rationale

Schizophrenia is extremely rare in preschoolers. The complex symptomatology and diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia are not typically observed or applicable to this very young age group. If psychotic-like symptoms are noted in preschoolers, they are more likely indicative of other severe neurodevelopmental disorders or conditions requiring specialized evaluation rather than schizophrenia.

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Which of the following comorbid conditions might a nurse expect to see in a client who has ADHD?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has been newly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which of the following findings is true regarding this disorder?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is providing education to a group of staff members about schizophrenia. Which of the following age groups should the nurse include as the age when schizophrenia is typically diagnosed?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which of the following information should the nurse include?

A nurse is caring for a client who has avoidant personality disorder. Which of the following types of therapy should the nurse anticipate for the client?

A nurse is caring for a female client who has bulimia nervosa and reports frequent self-induced vomiting. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

A nurse is planning care for several clients. The nurse knows that which of the following findings are common in clients who have dependent personality disorder?

A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has dementia. The client's family member asks why the provider will not prescribe a medication to calm the client down. Which of the following statements should the nurse make?

A charge nurse is instructing a newly licensed nurse about mental health disorders. Which of the following statements by the nurse indicates an understanding of mental health disorders?

A nurse is caring for a client who frequently breaks their arms and other bones on purpose. The nurse understands that the client likely has which diagnosis?

A nurse is observing a group therapy session. Which of the following client statements should the nurse identify as an indication of bulimia nervosa?