Which of the following findings are commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome? (Select All that Apply.)

Choice A rationale

Nephrotic syndrome typically has a gradual onset of symptoms, developing over days to weeks, as protein loss in the urine accumulates. An abrupt onset is less characteristic.

Choice B rationale

Proteinuria, the presence of abnormally high levels of protein in the urine (normal range is less than 150 mg/24 hours), is a defining characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. Damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys leads to increased permeability and leakage of protein into the urine.

Choice C rationale

Hypoalbuminemia in the blood (normal range is 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL) is a key feature of nephrotic syndrome. The excessive loss of protein in the urine leads to a decrease in serum albumin levels.

Choice D rationale

Fever is not typically a primary symptom of nephrotic syndrome. While children with nephrotic syndrome can develop infections, fever is not a direct consequence of the underlying kidney dysfunction.

Choice E rationale

Hyperlipidemia, an elevated level of lipids (fats) in the blood (normal total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dL), is commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome. The liver increases lipoprotein synthesis in response to the decreased serum albumin levels.

Choice F rationale

While a positive Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection can lead to post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which can sometimes present with nephrotic features, it is not a common finding directly associated with the primary diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome itself.

Choice G rationale

Anasarca, which is severe generalized edema characterized by widespread swelling due to fluid retention, is a common finding in nephrotic syndrome. The low serum albumin levels reduce oncotic pressure in the blood vessels, leading to fluid shifting into the interstitial spaces. .