Which of the following is a positive sign of pregnancy that can only be exhibited by a pregnant woman?

Fetal heartbeat auscultated with Doppler/fetoscope.

Quickening

Morning sickness

Positive pregnancy test

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A reason: A fetal heartbeat auscultated with a Doppler or a fetoscope is a positive sign of pregnancy, as it confirms the presence of a living fetus in the uterus. A Doppler is an electronic device that uses sound waves to detect the fetal heart rate, while a fetoscope is a stethoscope-like instrument that amplifies the fetal heart sounds. The fetal heartbeat can be heard as early as 10 to 12 weeks of gestation with a Doppler and 18 to 20 weeks of gestation with a fetoscope.

Choice B reason: Quickening is the first perception of fetal movement by the pregnant woman, usually felt between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation for first-time mothers and 13 to 16 weeks of gestation for experienced mothers. However, quickening is not a positive sign of pregnancy, as it can be subjective and mistaken for other sensations, such as gas, hunger, or muscle spasms².

Choice C reason: Morning sickness is a common symptom of pregnancy that involves nausea and vomiting, usually in the first trimester. However, morning sickness is not a positive sign of pregnancy, as it can be caused by other factors, such as food poisoning, stress, or medication.

Choice D reason: A positive pregnancy test is a probable sign of pregnancy, not a positive sign. A pregnancy test detects the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta, in the urine or blood of the woman. However, a positive pregnancy test does not guarantee a viable pregnancy, as it can be influenced by the timing, the quality, or the interpretation of the test. A positive pregnancy test can also occur in cases of ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, or miscarriage.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Maternal placenta previa is not a common complication of gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and preterm labor. The risk factors for placenta previa include previous cesarean delivery, multiple pregnancy, advanced maternal age, and smoking.

Choice B reason: Maternal hyperemesis and neonatal low birth weight are not directly related to gestational diabetes mellitus. Hyperemesis is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause dehydration and weight loss. The causes of hyperemesis are not well understood, but it may be influenced by hormonal changes, genetic factors, and psychological factors². Neonatal low birth weight is defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams, which can be caused by many factors, such as prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal infection, and maternal malnutrition.

Choice C reason: Maternal premature rupture of membranes and neonatal sepsis are not specific to gestational diabetes mellitus. Premature rupture of membranes is a condition in which the amniotic sac breaks before labor begins, which can increase the risk of infection and preterm delivery. The causes of premature rupture of membranes are not clear, but some possible factors include infection, inflammation, stress, and trauma. Neonatal sepsis is a life-threatening infection in newborns, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The risk factors for neonatal sepsis include prematurity, low birth weight, maternal infection, and invasive procedures⁵.

Choice D reason: Maternal preeclampsia and fetal macrosomia are the most common and serious complications of gestational diabetes mellitus. Preeclampsia is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine, which can lead to organ damage, seizures, and death. The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown, but it may be related to abnormal placental development, immune system dysfunction, and genetic factors⁶. Fetal macrosomia is a condition in which the baby is larger than normal, usually weighing more than 4,000 grams at birth. This can cause difficulties during labor and delivery, such as shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, and cesarean section. The main cause of fetal macrosomia is excessive maternal glucose, which stimulates fetal insulin production and growth.

A. an antiemetic such as pyridoxine to control vomiting. B. IV therapy to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances. C. enteral nutrition to meet nutritional needs. D. corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: An antiemetic such as pyridoxine may be used to control vomiting in women with hyperemesis gravidarum, but it is not the initial treatment. The first priority is to restore fluid and electrolyte balance and prevent dehydration and hypovolemia.

Choice B reason: IV therapy is the initial treatment for women with hyperemesis gravidarum. It helps to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, prevent dehydration and hypovolemia, and restore normal blood pressure and urine output. IV fluids may also contain glucose, vitamins, and electrolytes to replenish losses.

Choice C reason: Enteral nutrition may be used to meet nutritional needs in women with hyperemesis gravidarum, but it is not the initial treatment. Enteral nutrition involves feeding through a tube inserted into the stomach or intestine. It may be considered if oral intake is not tolerated or adequate after IV therapy.

Choice D reason: Corticosteroids are not used to treat hyperemesis gravidarum. They are used to reduce inflammation in conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic reactions. They have no effect on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.

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Which of the following is a positive sign of pregnancy that can only be exhibited by a pregnant woman?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What are the maternal and neonatal risks associated with gestational diabetes mellitus?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The nurse caring for a woman hospitalized for hyperemesis gravidarum should expect that initial treatment will involve:

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Which finding meets the criteria of a reassuring fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern?

Which major neonatal complication is carefully monitored after the birth of the infant of a diabetic mother?

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What should the nurse do first if a pregnant woman at 32 weeks of gestation complains of feeling dizzy and light-headed while her fundal height is being measured and her skin is pale and moist?

What is the main reason why a woman who is older than 35 years may have difficulty achieving pregnancy?

During a prenatal intake interview, the nurse is in the process of obtaining an initial assessment of a 21-year-old Hispanic patient with limited English proficiency. It is important for the nurse to:

A placenta previa in which the placental edge just reaches the internal os is more commonly known as:

A woman arrives at the clinic for her annual examination. She tells the nurse that she thinks she has a vaginal infection and has been using an over-the-counter cream for the past 2 days to treat it. The nurse's initial response should be to: