Which of the following is a risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Choice a reason: Specific gravity measures the concentration of solutes in the urine. In glomerulonephritis, urine may be more dilute due to the kidneys' inability to concentrate urine properly, leading to a decrease rather than an increase in specific gravity.
Choice b reason: Creatinine clearance is a measure of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys. In glomerulonephritis, kidney function is impaired, resulting in decreased creatinine clearance. Therefore, an increase in creatinine clearance is not expected in this condition.
Choice c reason: BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and serum creatinine are waste products filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. In glomerulonephritis, the kidneys' filtering capability is compromised, leading to the accumulation of these waste products in the blood. Hence, an increase in BUN and serum creatinine levels is expected in clients with glomerulonephritis, indicating reduced kidney function.
Choice d reason: RBC (red blood cell) count in the blood is not typically affected by glomerulonephritis. However, microscopic hematuria (the presence of red blood cells in urine) is a common finding in glomerulonephritis, indicating damage to the glomeruli. The RBC count in the blood itself is not expected to increase as a result of glomerulonephritis.

Choice a reason: Encouraging fluid intake to increase urine output is not an appropriate intervention for managing urinary incontinence. While staying hydrated is important, increasing urine output can worsen incontinence symptoms. Clients should maintain a balanced fluid intake to prevent dehydration without exacerbating incontinence.
Choice b reason: Providing frequent reminders for the client to use the restroom is helpful for managing urinary incontinence. This intervention helps establish a regular voiding schedule, reducing the likelihood of accidents by encouraging the client to empty their bladder before it becomes too full.
Choice c reason: Encouraging the client to perform Kegel exercises regularly is highly effective for managing urinary incontinence. Kegel exercises strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which support the bladder and urethra, improving control over urination and reducing episodes of incontinence. Regular practice of these exercises can lead to significant improvements in bladder control.
Choice d reason: Limiting the client's access to the restroom to promote bladder control is not appropriate. This approach can increase the risk of accidents and cause discomfort. Instead, clients should have easy access to the restroom to manage their incontinence effectively. Promoting regular restroom use and bladder training techniques is more beneficial.