Which of the following is a sign of cystitis?

Choice a reason: Taking the patient's blood pressure is not the first action to take in this situation. While monitoring vital signs is important, the immediate priority is to stop the bleeding. Addressing the bleeding at the access site takes precedence to prevent excessive blood loss and potential complications.
Choice b reason: Calling the physician is not the first action to take when the nurse notes bleeding from the vascular access site. While notifying the physician is important, the initial step must be to control the bleeding to ensure the patient's safety and stability.
Choice c reason: Applying pressure to the access site is the appropriate first action. This step is crucial to stop the bleeding and prevent further blood loss. Applying direct pressure helps to control the bleeding immediately, which is the primary concern in this situation. Once the bleeding is controlled, further actions such as notifying the physician and documenting the incident can be taken.
Choice d reason: Notifying the dialysis nurse is also not the first action to take. While it is important to inform the dialysis nurse and other members of the healthcare team, the priority is to control the bleeding by applying pressure to the access site. Once the bleeding is under control, the dialysis nurse can be notified to ensure proper follow-up and care.

Choice a reason: Weak pelvic floor muscles are a common cause of urinary incontinence. These muscles support the bladder and urethra, and when they are weakened, it can lead to involuntary leakage of urine, especially during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or lifting. Strengthening these muscles through exercises like Kegels can help improve urinary control.
Choice b reason: Excessive fluid intake can lead to increased urine production and a higher frequency of urination, but it is not a direct cause of urinary incontinence. Proper hydration is important for overall health, and excessive fluid intake alone does not weaken the mechanisms that control urine flow.
Choice c reason: Poor perineal care after stool incontinence can lead to infections and skin irritation but is not a direct cause of urinary incontinence. Maintaining good hygiene is crucial for preventing complications and infections, but it does not impact the muscular control of the bladder and urethra.
Choice d reason: High levels of bladder pressure can contribute to urgency and frequency but are not typically classified as a common cause of urinary incontinence. Conditions that lead to increased bladder pressure, such as bladder obstruction or overactive bladder, may result in symptoms that overlap with incontinence, but they are distinct in their causes and management.