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Which of the following is considered a risk factor for COPD?

A.

Hypertension

B.

Male

C.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

D.

History of Pulmonary Embolism

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Hypertension is not a direct risk factor for COPD. However, COPD and hypertension can coexist, especially in smokers.  
B. Being male was once associated with a higher COPD prevalence, but COPD affects both sexes, especially as smoking habits have become more equal.  
C. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is correct. AAT deficiency is a genetic disorder that leads to early-onset emphysema, even in non-smokers. It impairs the lungs' ability to protect themselves from enzymatic damage.  
D. History of pulmonary embolism is not a primary risk factor for COPD, though lung damage from recurrent emboli can contribute to respiratory issues.  


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Alcohol relaxes throat muscles, worsening obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The client should be educated to avoid alcohol, even while using a CPAP machine.
B. CPAP improves sleep quality and reduces daytime sleepiness, making this statement accurate.
C. Weight loss can reduce the severity of OSA, and some clients may no longer need treatment after significant weight loss.
D. The CPAP machine functions by delivering continuous air pressure to keep the airway open, which is a correct statement.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Heart failure is associated with central sleep apnea, not obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which results from airway obstruction.
B. Opioid overdose is linked to central sleep apnea, where the brain fails to send proper signals to the breathing muscles. It does not cause obstruction of the airway.
C. Brainstem injury can affect respiratory drive, but it is not a direct cause of OSA, which is due to mechanical airway obstruction.
D. Enlarged tonsils are correct. In children and adults, enlarged tonsils can block the airway, making them a common cause of OSA.

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