Which of the following is descriptive of the air moved into or out of the lungs during the normal respiratory cycle?

A. In a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell into the surrounding fluid, causing the cell to shrink. Therefore, the volume of the cell does not increase.

B. A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of the red blood cell. As a result, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink or decrease in volume.

C. The permeability of the cell membrane is not directly affected by the tonicity of the solution. The change in cell volume is due to the movement of water, not a change in membrane permeability.

D. The permeability of the cell membrane is not typically affected by a hypertonic solution, but rather the osmotic pressure that drives water movement across the membrane. The main effect is on the cell's volume, not its membrane permeability.

A. Excessive aldosterone causes increased reabsorption of sodium and water, and the excretion of potassium. Therefore, excessive aldosterone would typically decrease plasma potassium levels, not increase them.

B. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium, leading to increased plasma sodium levels. This is the correct effect of excessive aldosterone secretion.

C. Phosphorus levels are not directly affected by aldosterone; its primary role is in regulating sodium and potassium balance.

D. Aldosterone does not directly regulate calcium levels in the blood, so plasma calcium levels are not significantly affected by aldosterone secretion.