Which of the following is the most common comorbidity of a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP)?

COPD

Sarcoidosis

Lung cancer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A Reason:

COPD is a chronic lung condition characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Individuals with COPD often have underlying structural lung changes, such as emphysematous bullae or blebs. These areas of weakened lung tissue are prone to rupture, leading to the development of pneumothorax. Additionally, the chronic inflammation and damage to the airways and lung parenchyma in COPD contribute to the development of pneumothorax.

Choice B Reason:

Sarcoidosis is incorrect. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that primarily affects the lungs and lymph nodes. While it can cause lung damage and lead to pneumothorax, it is less common than COPD as a comorbidity associated with SSP.

Choice C Reason:

Lung cancer is incorrect. Lung cancer can lead to pneumothorax, especially if the tumor erodes into the pleural space. However, SSP is more commonly associated with underlying lung diseases like COPD rather than lung cancer.

Choice D Reason:

Cystic fibrosis is incorrect. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal mucus production and impaired clearance in various organs, including the lungs. While individuals with cystic fibrosis are at increased risk of pneumothorax due to underlying lung disease, SSP is less commonly seen in this population compared to COPD.

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Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Epithelial cells is correct. Epithelial cells lining the airways play a role in initiating the inflammatory response in asthma by releasing cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. These cells can contribute to the circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines seen in status asthmaticus.

Choice B Reason:

OT lymphocytes is incorrect. There is no specific cell type known as "OT lymphocytes." It's possible this may refer to T lymphocytes (T cells), which are involved in the immune response in asthma but are not typically associated with a circulatory surge in status asthmaticus.

Choice C Reason:

Hyperreactivity is incorrect. Hyperreactivity refers to the exaggerated response of the airways to various stimuli, leading to bronchoconstriction and inflammation. While hyperreactivity is a characteristic feature of asthma, it does not directly contribute to a circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines.

Choice D Reason:

Mast cells is correct. Mast cells are key players in the pathophysiology of asthma. They release various inflammatory mediators, including histamine and leukotrienes, which contribute to airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production. Mast cells can participate in the circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in status asthmaticus.

Choice E Reason:

Inflammation is correct. Inflammation is a hallmark feature of asthma and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of status asthmaticus. The inflammatory response involves the recruitment and activation of various inflammatory cells, release of cytokines, and other mediators that contribute to airway obstruction and systemic effects.

A. "If you have a cerebral aneurysm, you would be having seizures." B. "If you have a cerebral aneurysm, you will experience nausea and vomiting." C. "If you had a cerebral aneurysm, you would have a stiff neck." D. "If you have a cerebral aneurysm, you typically will have no symptoms."

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

"If you have a cerebral aneurysm, you would be having seizures. “is incorrect because not all cerebral aneurysms cause seizures. Seizures may occur if the aneurysm ruptures and causes bleeding into the brain, but they are not a universal symptom of an unruptured cerebral aneurysm.

Choice B Reason:

"If you have a cerebral aneurysm, you will experience nausea and vomiting. “is incorrect because while headaches, nausea, and vomiting can occur with a ruptured cerebral aneurysm (subarachnoid hemorrhage), they are not necessarily present in all cases, especially with unruptured aneurysms.

Choice C Reason:

"If you had a cerebral aneurysm, you would have a stiff neck." is incorrect because a stiff neck (meningeal irritation) is typically associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, but it is not always present and is not a definitive symptom of an unruptured aneurysm.

Choice D Reason:

"If you have a cerebral aneurysm, you typically will have no symptoms." Cerebral aneurysms can vary greatly in terms of their presentation and symptoms. While some aneurysms may cause symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, or a stiff neck, many cerebral aneurysms are asymptomatic and go unnoticed until they rupture or are incidentally discovered during imaging studies for other reasons.

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Which of the following is the most common comorbidity of a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP)?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client with manifestations of status asthmaticus. Which of the following factors play a role in creating circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this condition? (Select all that apply.) (Select All that Apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who has chronic migraine headaches. The client asks the nurse if it could be a cerebral aneurysm. Which of the follow responses should the nurse use?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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