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Which of the following types of hepatitis are spread by the fecal-oral route? (select all that apply) a. HAV

HCV

HDV

HEV

HBV

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,D

A. HAV: Hepatitis A is spread via the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water.

B. HCV: Hepatitis C is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, not the fecal-oral route.

C. HDV: Hepatitis D is spread through blood contact and requires Hepatitis B for replication.

D. HEV: Hepatitis E is spread through the fecal-oral route, similar to Hepatitis A.

E. HBV: Hepatitis B is spread through blood, sexual contact, and perinatal transmission, not the fecal-oral route.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Inability of the liver to manufacture bile: This does not directly cause esophageal varices or bleeding.

B. A scarred liver results in Portal Hypertension: Cirrhosis leads to scarring of the liver, which increases resistance to blood flow and causes portal hypertension. This elevated pressure in the portal venous system leads to the development of esophageal varices, which can rupture and bleed.

C. An elevated level of copper: Elevated copper levels are associated with Wilson's disease, not the cause of esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhosis.

D. Inability of the liver to convert NH3 to urea: This causes hepatic encephalopathy but is not related to variceal bleeding.

A. Partially compensated Metabolic Alkalosis B. Fully compensated Metabolic Acidosis C. Fully compensated Respiratory Acidosis D. Partially compensated Respiratory Alkalosis

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Partially compensated Metabolic Alkalosis: This is incorrect because the pH is within normal limits (7.35-7.45), and the elevated PaCO2 and bicarbonate suggest a respiratory issue rather than a metabolic one.

B. Fully compensated Metabolic Acidosis: This is incorrect because the primary disturbance is respiratory, not metabolic. A compensated metabolic acidosis would typically show a low PaCO2 as compensation.

C. Fully compensated Respiratory Acidosis: Correct. The pH is within the normal range, indicating full compensation. The elevated PaCO2 and bicarbonate reflect a chronic respiratory acidosis that has been compensated by the kidneys.

D. Partially compensated Respiratory Alkalosis: This is incorrect because in respiratory alkalosis, the PaCO2 would be low, not high.

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Which of the following types of hepatitis are spread by the fecal-oral route? (select all that apply) a. HAV

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What is the rationale for esophageal variceal bleeding in a patient with cirrhosis?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse reviews the following ABG result: pH 7.37 PaO2 84 PaCO2 54 Bicarbonate: 31 Saturation: 95% What is the interpretation of this ABG?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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