Which pathology of autonomic cardiac regulation is mediated by sympathetic innervation?

Increased Ca+ influx with sympathetic stimulation that raises the heart rate.

Sympathetic activation boosts K+ efflux and increases the inotropic effect.

Sympathetic activation decreases dromotrophy by lowering conduction speed.

Increased Na+ influx with sympathetic stimulation reduces pacemaker firing.’

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A: Increased Ca+ influx with sympathetic stimulation that raises the heart rate is a manifestation of sympathetic innervation. Sympathetic activation leads to the release of norepinephrine, which enhances the influx of calcium ions (Ca+) into cardiac muscle cells, resulting in increased contractility and heart rate.

Choice B: Sympathetic activation does increase the inotropic effect (contractility) of the heart, but it is primarily mediated by the increased influx of calcium ions (Ca+).

Choice C: Sympathetic activation does not decrease dromotrophy (conduction speed). Instead, it can increase the conduction speed through the cardiac conduction system.

Choice D: Increased Na+ influx with sympathetic stimulation does not reduce pacemaker firing; instead, it contributes to the enhanced excitability and automaticity of cardiac cells.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A: Uremic frost is a symptom of advanced kidney disease and can result in deposits of urea crystals on the skin. This can cause itching and discomfort, making it difficult for the client to maintain good hygiene and self-care. Therefore, addressing hygiene self-care deficit related to uremic frost is a priority in the plan of care for a client with renal osteodystrophy.

Choice B: This is not directly related to renal osteodystrophy and is more related to the presence of a catheter.

Choice C: This is not typically associated with renal osteodystrophy unless there are specific mobility issues related to bone problems.

Choice D: This may be relevant for clients with CKD, but it is not specific to renal osteodystrophy, which primarily involves bone mineral imbalances.

A. The consumption of protein products should come from lean meats, nuts, and dried beans. B. The consumption of fruit and/or vegetables should total between 4 to 6 servings. C. The consumption of dairy-based products should be eliminated from the diet. D. The consumption of bread products should be gluten-free.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A: The client's statement reflects an understanding of the DASH diet's emphasis on lean meats, nuts, and dried beans as protein sources, which aligns with the principles of the diet.

Choice B: The DASH diet encourages the consumption of more than 4 to 6 servings of fruits and vegetables daily.

Choice C: The DASH diet does not eliminate dairy-based products but recommends choosing low-fat or fat-free options.

Choice D: The DASH diet does not focus on gluten-free foods but rather on overall dietary patterns that promote heart-healthy eating.

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Which pathology of autonomic cardiac regulation is mediated by sympathetic innervation?

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