Which pathology of autonomic cardiac regulation is mediated by sympathetic innervation?

Increased Ca+ influx with sympathetic stimulation that raises the heart rate.

Sympathetic activation boosts K+ efflux and increases the inotropic effect.

Sympathetic activation decreases dromotrophy by lowering conduction speed.

Increased Na+ influx with sympathetic stimulation reduces pacemaker firing.’

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A: Increased Ca+ influx with sympathetic stimulation that raises the heart rate is a manifestation of sympathetic innervation. Sympathetic activation leads to the release of norepinephrine, which enhances the influx of calcium ions (Ca+) into cardiac muscle cells, resulting in increased contractility and heart rate.

Choice B: Sympathetic activation does increase the inotropic effect (contractility) of the heart, but it is primarily mediated by the increased influx of calcium ions (Ca+).

Choice C: Sympathetic activation does not decrease dromotrophy (conduction speed). Instead, it can increase the conduction speed through the cardiac conduction system.

Choice D: Increased Na+ influx with sympathetic stimulation does not reduce pacemaker firing; instead, it contributes to the enhanced excitability and automaticity of cardiac cells.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A: Applying compression stockings before ambulation is a key aspect of self-care for a client with chronic venous insufficiency. Compression stockings help improve venous return and reduce edema.

Choice B: Soaking feet to soften nails before trimming is not a specific intervention for chronic venous insufficiency and should be done with caution in individuals with open ulcers.

Choice C: Keeping legs dependent to promote blood flow is not advisable in chronic venous insufficiency, as it can worsen venous pooling and edema.

Choice D: Medicating inflamed skin areas with an antibiotic ointment may be part of wound care but does not address the primary intervention of using compression stockings for chronic venous insufficiency.

A. Instruct the client to decrease number of cigarettes smoked daily. B. Discuss changing eating habits with a goal of losing 2 pounds (1 kg) per week. C. Encourage other family members to be tested for diabetes mellitus. D. Determine the client's feelings about being diagnosed with a chronic disease.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A: This is important for the client's overall health but is not the most immediate priority in managing diabetes.

Choice B: The most important intervention for this client is to address lifestyle factors that contribute to diabetes and overall health. Weight loss and dietary changes are key components of managing type 2 diabetes. The client's weight is significantly above a healthy range, and losing 2 pounds (1 kg) per week is a reasonable and safe goal.

Choice C: Encouraging family members to be tested for diabetes is relevant but does not directly address the client's own management of the condition.

Choice D: Determining the client's feelings about the diagnosis is important for emotional support but does not directly address the client's physical health and diabetes management.

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Which pathology of autonomic cardiac regulation is mediated by sympathetic innervation?

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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