Which phase of pharmacokinetics involves the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream?

Choice A reason: Vitamin C supplements are not a concern for the concurrent use with Lorazepam, which is a medication that reduces anxiety and insomnia by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain¹. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that supports the immune system and the synthesis of collagen, a protein that forms the connective tissue in the body. Vitamin C does not interact with Lorazepam or affect its metabolism or clearance.

Choice B reason: Caffeinated beverages are not a concern for the concurrent use with Lorazepam, but they may reduce its effectiveness or cause unwanted effects. Caffeine is a stimulant that increases the activity of the central nervous system and counteracts the sedative and calming effects of Lorazepam. Caffeine may also cause side effects such as nervousness, insomnia, or palpitations, especially in high doses or in sensitive individuals. The nurse should advise the patient to limit or avoid caffeine intake while taking Lorazepam, and to monitor their response to the medication.

Choice C reason: Alcohol is a concern for the concurrent use with Lorazepam, as it can increase the risk of serious and potentially fatal side effects. Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the activity of the central nervous system and enhances the effects of Lorazepam. Alcohol can cause additive effects such as excessive sedation, respiratory depression, coma, or death when taken with Lorazepam. The nurse should advise the patient to avoid alcohol consumption while taking Lorazepam, and to seek immediate medical attention if they experience any signs of overdose or toxicity.

Choice D reason: Dairy products are not a concern for the concurrent use with Lorazepam, as they do not affect its absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion. Dairy products are a source of calcium, protein, and other nutrients that support the bone health and the muscle function. Dairy products do not interact with Lorazepam or alter its pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics.

Choice A reason: This is correct. Dry mouth is a common side effect of anticholinergic drugs. It occurs because anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates the secretion of saliva and other fluids in the body. Dry mouth can cause discomfort, bad breath, and increased risk of dental problems¹.

Choice B reason: This is incorrect. Constricted bronchioles are not a side effect of anticholinergic drugs. In fact, anticholinergic drugs can cause the opposite effect: dilated bronchioles. This is because anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that causes the smooth muscles of the airways to contract. Dilated bronchioles can improve breathing and reduce wheezing in people with respiratory disorders, such as asthma or COPD.

Choice C reason: This is incorrect. Increased heart rate is not a side effect of anticholinergic drugs. In fact, anticholinergic drugs can cause the opposite effect: decreased heart rate. This is because anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that slows down the heart rate and lowers the blood pressure. Decreased heart rate can be beneficial for people with certain heart conditions, such as atrial fibrillation or tachycardia.

Choice D reason: This is correct. Dilated pupils are a common side effect of anticholinergic drugs. It occurs because anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that controls the muscles of the iris, which regulate the size of the pupils. Dilated pupils can cause blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and difficulty focusing.