Which presumptive sign (felt by the woman) or probable sign (observed by the examiner) of pregnancy is not matched with another possible cause?

Choice A reason: Amniocentesis for fetal lung maturity is not an expected diagnostic procedure for a pregnant woman with bright red, painless vaginal bleeding. It is a procedure that involves inserting a needle into the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid, which can be used to assess the fetal lung development. It is usually done in late pregnancy or preterm labor, not in the second trimester.

Choice B reason: Contraction stress test (CST) is not an expected diagnostic procedure for a pregnant woman with bright red, painless vaginal bleeding. It is a test that involves stimulating uterine contractions, either by nipple stimulation or oxytocin infusion, to evaluate the fetal heart rate response. It is used to assess fetal well-being and placental function, not to diagnose the cause of bleeding.

Choice C reason: Internal fetal monitoring is not an expected diagnostic procedure for a pregnant woman with bright red, painless vaginal bleeding. It is a method of measuring the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions using electrodes or catheters that are inserted through the cervix and attached to the fetal scalp or the amniotic sac. It is usually done during labor, not in the second trimester.

Choice D reason: Ultrasound for placental location is an expected diagnostic procedure for a pregnant woman with bright red, painless vaginal bleeding. It is a test that uses sound waves to create an image of the uterus, the placenta, and the fetus. It can help to determine the position and attachment of the placenta, which can be the cause of bleeding if it is low-lying or covering the cervix (placenta previa).

Choice E reason: None of the above is not a correct answer. There is one expected diagnostic procedure for a pregnant woman with bright red, painless vaginal bleeding, which is ultrasound for placental location.

Choice A reason: Intense abdominal pain is the most prevalent clinical manifestation of abruptio placentae, as it indicates the detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall and the bleeding into the uterine muscle. The pain can be localized or diffuse, and it can be constant or intermittent. The pain can also radiate to the back or the shoulder.

Choice B reason: Cramping is not the most prevalent clinical manifestation of abruptio placentae, as it is not specific to the condition. Cramping can occur in normal pregnancy or in other complications such as preterm labor, infection, or cervical insufficiency.

Choice C reason: Uterine activity is not the most prevalent clinical manifestation of abruptio placentae, as it is not specific to the condition. Uterine activity can occur in normal pregnancy or in other complications such as preterm labor, infection, or placenta previa.

Choice D reason: Bleeding is not the most prevalent clinical manifestation of abruptio placentae, as it may or may not be present. Bleeding can be concealed or revealed, depending on the location and extent of the placental separation. Concealed bleeding occurs when the blood is trapped behind the placenta and does not exit the vagina. Revealed bleeding occurs when the blood passes through the cervix and exits the vagina.