Which theory is associated with Sigmund Freud?

A. Compensation is not a primary reason for ethical guidelines, which focus on participant rights and safety.
B. While best practices are encouraged, the guidelines primarily aim to protect participants.
C. Making data public is not a core focus of the guidelines, which prioritize participant welfare.
D. The primary purpose of the APA's ethical guidelines is to protect the rights and safety of research participants, ensuring ethical treatment throughout the research process.

A. Both operant and classical conditioning involve observable stimuli and responses. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, behaviors are influenced by consequences like reinforcement or punishment.

B. They are complementary rather than competing concepts, each explaining different types of learning. Classical conditioning deals with associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning deals with consequences of behavior.

C. Both classical and operant conditioning apply to both human and nonhuman behavior, not exclusively one or the other.

D. While classical conditioning can involve learned responses to fear, it is not the sole focus of either conditioning type, which can apply to a wide range of behaviors.