A. Decreased plasma volume might cause overall weak pulses but would unlikely cause an absent pulse specifically localized in one or more extremities. Decreased plasma volume generally affects circulation systemically, not selectively in certain limbs.
B. Problems with the heart's electrical conduction system primarily affect the rhythm and rate of the heart but do not directly cause absent pulses in extremities. These issues lead to irregular or abnormal heartbeats, not localized absence of pulses.
C. Shock can result in weak or thready pulses due to poor blood flow, but shock alone would not typically cause a pulse to be completely absent in one extremity while present in others. Shock affects the circulatory system as a whole.

D. A blockage of blood flow is the most likely cause of an absent pulse in one or more extremities. This could be due to atherosclerosis, embolism, or thrombosis, which can obstruct blood flow in specific areas, leading to no detectable pulse in those extremities.

A. The patient's spouse reporting experiencing marital issues is a perfect example of secondary information as it comes from someone other than the patient and might affect the patient's care or emotional well-being indirectly.
B. The patient reports a history of chest pain, is an example of primary information. This is because the patient directly reports the symptoms of their health condition.
C. The patient complaining of chronic constipation is an example of primary information. This is because the patient is directly reporting their own health condition.

D. The patient verbalizes anxiety about hospitalization is also primary information, directly provided by the patient concerning their feelings about the current care environment.

A. The site where the blood pressure was obtained is important to document because blood pressure measurements can differ significantly between different parts of the body (e.g., arm versus thigh). Documenting the site ensures that future measurements can be compared appropriately.
B. Interventions implemented in response to a client's blood pressure need documentation to track what actions were taken and whether these actions had the intended effect on the patient's health status. This helps in assessing the efficacy of interventions.
C. A client's position when the blood pressure was obtained affects the readings; measurements might differ when taken in positions such as lying, sitting, or

standing. Accurate documentation of position helps in ensuring that readings are interpreted correctly.
D. The frequency in which a blood pressure is taken provides context for understanding how the patient’s blood pressure is trending over time, which is critical for ongoing management and therapeutic decisions, especially in unstable or critical patients.
E. A client's response to interventions implemented should be documented to evaluate whether the treatment plan needs adjustments and to understand how the patient is coping with the treatment. This documentation is crucial for patient safety and care continuity.

A: Due to age-related reductions in gastrointestinal muscle efficiency, which slows the digestive process and can lead to increased water absorption from stool.
B: Overstates the issue, not all elderly patients experience difficulties, and it does not account for individual variability or other influencing factors like diet and medication.
C: Misrepresents the frequency and reasons for laxative use among the elderly, not all of whom misuse these medications.
D: While changes in rectal sphincter elasticity can affect some elderly individuals, it is less commonly a direct cause of constipation compared to decreased peristalsis.

A: This is not suitable for assessing circulation issues specifically in the lower extremities as it is located on the upper body.

B: This is not suitable for assessing circulation issues specifically in the lower extremities as it is located on the upper body.
C: Palpating the posterior tibialis pulse is a logical next step for checking lower extremity circulation, particularly when dorsalis pedis is not palpable, helping localize the evaluation of blood flow in the foot and ankle.
D: The femoral pulse is useful for broader leg circulation issues. However, it is less targeted than posterior tibialis for checking blood flow in the lower extremities.

A: This helps reduce body temperature by increasing heat loss through evaporation and radiation. Removing layers allows the body’s natural cooling mechanisms to function more effectively.
B: This would be inappropriate because adequate hydration is crucial for a febrile patient to help regulate body temperature and prevent dehydration.
C: This would be counterproductive as it would add heat to the body instead of helping to lower the body temperature.
D: Increasing the room temperature would worsen the situation by making the environment warmer, which would hinder the body's ability to cool down naturally.

A: Anisocoria refers to a condition where the pupils are of unequal sizes, which is not related to focusing ability.

B: Accommodation response involves the ability of the eye to change focus from distant to near objects, demonstrating the flexibility of the lens which is exactly what the instruction aims to test.
C: Direct pupil response relates to pupil constriction in response to light, not changes in focal distance.
D: Consensual reflex also refers to the reaction of both pupils to light and would not be assessed through changes in focal distance.

A: To accurately determine a pulse deficit, one nurse must listen to the apical pulse while another nurse palpates the radial pulse simultaneously to compare both pulse rates, necessitating a second person.
B: Counting the apical pulse is a part of the process but would follow after ensuring another nurse is available to check the radial pulse at the same time.

C: This action relates to checking a pulse rate generally but does not specify the need for simultaneous comparison with the apical pulse.
D: Calculation of the difference is the final step after both pulses have been counted simultaneously.

A: Hypoglycemia does not directly correlate with a lower heart rate.

B: A heart rate of 56/min may indicate bradycardia, which can lead to symptoms like dizziness due to decreased cardiac output and subsequently reduced cerebral perfusion.
C: A fever would typically increase the heart rate, not decrease it.

D: Cigarette smoking is more commonly associated with an increased heart rate due to stimulants like nicotine.

A: Convection involves the movement of air or liquid around the body, which then carries heat away but does not involve phase change like evaporation.
B: Evaporation is the process where liquid (sweat) turns into vapor, removing heat from the surface it evaporates from, which is the primary cooling mechanism in sweating.
C: Conduction involves direct transfer of heat through contact with cooler objects, not relevant to the drying of sweat.
D: Radiation refers to heat transfer through electromagnetic waves and does not require the presence of an intervening medium, unlike the evaporation of sweat.