(1 point). Listen.
Mitogens, such as angiotensin II, and growth factors stimulate:.
Smooth muscle proliferation.
Endothelial injury.
Cardiac muscle toxicity.
Activation of phagocytes.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale:
Mitogens like angiotensin II and growth factors stimulate smooth muscle proliferation. Mitogens are substances that promote cell division and growth. Angiotensin II, for example, is known to stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation, which can lead to conditions like vascular remodeling and hypertension.
Choice B rationale:
Endothelial injury is not directly stimulated by mitogens. Mitogens are more associated with cell growth and proliferation rather than causing injury to endothelial cells.
Choice C rationale:
Mitogens are not typically associated with cardiac muscle toxicity. Cardiac muscle toxicity can result from various factors like certain medications or diseases, but mitogens are not the primary cause of cardiac muscle toxicity.
Choice D rationale:
Mitogens are not directly related to the activation of phagocytes. Phagocytes are white blood cells involved in the immune response, and their activation is more related to infection or inflammation rather than mitogenic stimulation. Moving on to the last question.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance can lead to right-sided heart failure. In conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary hypertension, increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation can cause the right ventricle of the heart to work harder to pump blood into the lungs. Over time, this can lead to right-sided heart failure. The rationale for this choice is that when the right ventricle fails, it can result in symptoms such as peripheral edema, jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, and ascites, which are characteristic of right-sided heart failure.
Choice B rationale:
Left-sided heart failure is not typically associated with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Left-sided heart failure is more commonly linked to conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and valvular heart diseases. It leads to symptoms such as pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and orthopnea, rather than the signs of right-sided heart failure.
Choice C rationale:
Low-output failure is a generic term that can refer to both left and right-sided heart failure. It does not specifically address the relationship between chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Low-output failure occurs when the heart cannot pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the body's demands, and it can be due to either left or right-sided heart failure.
Choice D rationale:
High-output failure is a less common type of heart failure and is typically not associated with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. It occurs when the heart is pumping a higher-than-normal volume of blood but still cannot meet the body's metabolic demands. Causes of high-output failure may include conditions like anemia, hyperthyroidism, or arteriovenous shunts.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Stable angina is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs with exertion or stress and is relieved by rest. This type of angina is typically predictable and reproducible. The rationale for this choice is based on the classic presentation of stable angina, where pain is often triggered by physical activity or emotional stress and is relieved by rest. It is related to coronary artery disease (CAD) and is caused by temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. The pain is often described as a pressure or squeezing sensation in the chest and is usually predictable, occurring during specific activities or under certain circumstances.
Choice B rationale:
Chest pain that lasts more than a few hours is not typical for stable angina. Angina is characterized by transient episodes of chest pain or discomfort, typically lasting for a few minutes (usually 5-10 minutes). Prolonged chest pain may indicate a different cardiac or non-cardiac condition that requires further evaluation.
Choice C rationale:
Chest pain not relieved by nitroglycerin is not typical for stable angina. Nitroglycerin is a medication commonly used to relieve the symptoms of angina. If chest pain persists despite nitroglycerin administration, it may suggest unstable angina or another cardiac condition that requires immediate medical attention.
Choice D rationale:
Chest pain that occurs unpredictably is not typical for stable angina. Stable angina is characterized by chest pain that is predictable and reproducible, often occurring during specific activities or under certain conditions. Unpredictable chest pain is more indicative of unstable angina or acute coronary syndromes, which are associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction.
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