A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence?
(Select All that Apply.)

Loss of urine during laughing or sneezing

Constant dribbling of urine despite frequent urination

Frequent urination at night with a strong urge

Sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by loss of urine

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,E

A.   Loss of urine during laughing or sneezing is typically associated with stress incontinence, not overflow or functional incontinence.
B.   Constant dribbling of urine despite frequent urination is a hallmark of overflow incontinence, often caused by an underactive bladder or obstruction.
C.   Frequent urination at night with a strong urge is more characteristic of urge incontinence.
D.   Sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by loss of urine is also indicative of urge incontinence.
E.   Inability to access the toilet in time due to physical limitations, such as arthritis, is common in functional incontinence, where the person is unable to reach the bathroom in time despite normal bladder function.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Increasing the oxygen flow rate could worsen respiratory depression in patients with COPD, as they rely on low oxygen levels to stimulate breathing.
B. Switching to a non-rebreather mask could further elevate the oxygen levels and may lead to hypoventilation or respiratory distress.
C. Monitoring the patient closely and reassessing in 30 minutes might be appropriate if the patient shows no immediate signs of respiratory distress, but the priority is to address the decreased respiratory rate.
D. Reducing the oxygen flow rate to 1 L/min and notifying the healthcare provider is the most appropriate action, as it may reduce the risk of respiratory depression caused by excessive oxygen.

A. Decreased blood pressure B. Metabolic acidosis C. Hypocalcemia D. Increased urine specific gravity

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Decreased blood pressure is not typically associated with contrast-induced nephropathy. In fact, patients may present with normal or elevated blood pressure, especially in those with a history of chronic hypertension.
B. Metabolic acidosis is a common complication of acute kidney injury (AKI), including contrast-induced nephropathy. As kidney function declines, the kidneys' ability to excrete acids diminishes, leading to the accumulation of acids in the blood and resulting in metabolic acidosis.
C. Hypocalcemia is not a common feature of contrast-induced nephropathy. While AKI can cause disturbances in calcium and phosphate balance, hypocalcemia is not typically a predominant finding.
D. Increased urine specific gravity may not be a significant finding in contrast-induced nephropathy. This condition generally leads to impaired kidney function, which may present with urine output changes, but urine specific gravity can vary depending on the stage of AKI.

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A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence? (Select All that Apply.)

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A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is receiving oxygen therapy at 2 L/min via nasal cannula. After assessing the patient, the nurse notes increased drowsiness and a decreased respiratory rate. What is the most appropriate action for the nurse to take?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence?
(Select All that Apply.)