A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence?
(Select All that Apply.)

Loss of urine during laughing or sneezing

Constant dribbling of urine despite frequent urination

Frequent urination at night with a strong urge

Sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by loss of urine

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,E

A.   Loss of urine during laughing or sneezing is typically associated with stress incontinence, not overflow or functional incontinence.
B.   Constant dribbling of urine despite frequent urination is a hallmark of overflow incontinence, often caused by an underactive bladder or obstruction.
C.   Frequent urination at night with a strong urge is more characteristic of urge incontinence.
D.   Sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by loss of urine is also indicative of urge incontinence.
E.   Inability to access the toilet in time due to physical limitations, such as arthritis, is common in functional incontinence, where the person is unable to reach the bathroom in time despite normal bladder function.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Furosemide is a diuretic and is not associated with PML.
B. Metoprolol is a beta-blocker and does not cause PML.
C. Natalizumab is an immunosuppressant used for multiple sclerosis and has been linked to the development of PML, a serious brain infection.
D. Pregabalin is used for neuropathic pain and does not carry a risk for PML.

A. Assume the episode was a migraine and schedule a neurology follow-up for a later date. B. Discharge the patient immediately since the symptoms resolved. C. Initiate antiplatelet therapy, such as aspirin, to reduce the risk of future strokes. D. Order a CT scan of the head to rule out intracranial hemorrhage. E. Start anticoagulation therapy immediately without further evaluation. F. Conduct a carotid ultrasound to assess for stenosis. G. Refer the patient for lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation and diet changes.

Correct Answer is ["C","D","F","G"]

Explanation

A. Assuming the episode was a migraine and scheduling a follow-up is not appropriate. TIAs are serious warning signs of potential future strokes and require immediate attention and evaluation.
B. Discharging the patient immediately after symptoms resolve is not appropriate. Even though symptoms resolve, TIAs are medical emergencies, and further evaluation is necessary to reduce the risk of a full-blown stroke.
C. Initiating antiplatelet therapy, such as aspirin, is an appropriate action to reduce the risk of future strokes in patients who have had a TIA.
D. Ordering a CT scan of the head is appropriate to rule out an intracranial hemorrhage and other causes of the symptoms.

E. Starting anticoagulation therapy immediately without further evaluation is not recommended. The patient must be properly assessed before starting anticoagulation to determine the cause of the TIA and if anticoagulation is appropriate.
F. Conducting a carotid ultrasound is appropriate to assess for stenosis, which could be contributing to the TIA.
G. Referring the patient for lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation and diet changes, is crucial to reduce future stroke risk. These interventions help prevent the recurrence of TIAs and strokes.

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A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence? (Select All that Apply.)

Nursing Test Bank

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A nurse is caring for a client who has multiple sclerosis and is experiencing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Which of the following medications should the nurse recognize is associated with the development of PML?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Correct Answer is ["C","D","F","G"]

Explanation

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A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence?
(Select All that Apply.)