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A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD?
(Select All that Apply.)

Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms.

GERD is primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid.

GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms.

A diet high in citrus fruits is recommended for GERD management

Antibiotics are the first-line treatment for GERD.

Obesity is a risk factor for GERD.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,C,D,G

A.   Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms. It weakens the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increasing the likelihood of acid reflux.
B.   GERD is not primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid. It is usually due to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
C.   GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. When the LES is weakened or relaxes abnormally, acid can reflux into the esophagus, causing symptoms.
D.   Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms. It helps to prevent acid from moving back into the esophagus during sleep.
E.   A diet high in citrus fruits is not recommended for GERD management. Citrus fruits can aggravate acid reflux symptoms.
F.   Antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers are typically used to manage GERD symptoms.
G.   Obesity is a risk factor for GERD. It can increase intra-abdominal pressure, which may contribute to the reflux of acid into the esophagus.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Performing weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, or strength training, helps improve bone density and prevent osteoporosis-related fractures.
B. Caffeine can increase calcium excretion in the urine and may negatively affect bone health, so it is not recommended for clients at risk for osteoporosis.
C. Taking 400 IU of vitamin D per day may be insufficient for clients at risk for osteoporosis. Most guidelines recommend at least 800-1,000 IU of vitamin D daily.
D. Limiting calcium intake to 600 mg per dose is not recommended. Calcium should be taken in doses of 500-600 mg to improve absorption and bone health.

A. Drink fruit juices instead of whole fruits to avoid fiber. B. Eliminate all carbohydrates from the diet. C. Increase intake of high-per foods such as vegetables and whole grains. D. Consume high-protein, high-fat meals to maintain satiety.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Drinking fruit juices instead of whole fruits may increase blood sugar levels due to the lack of fiber in juices. Whole fruits are better for blood glucose control.
B. Eliminating all carbohydrates is not advisable, as carbohydrates are necessary for energy. A balanced diet with controlled carbohydrates is recommended.
C. Increasing the intake of high-fiber foods like vegetables and whole grains helps regulate blood glucose levels by slowing digestion and improving insulin sensitivity.
D. Consuming high-protein, high-fat meals could negatively affect blood sugar levels and cardiovascular health, which is a concern for diabetics.

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A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD? (Select All that Apply.)

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A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD?
(Select All that Apply.)