A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD?
(Select All that Apply.)
Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms.
GERD is primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid.
GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.
Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms.
A diet high in citrus fruits is recommended for GERD management
Antibiotics are the first-line treatment for GERD.
Obesity is a risk factor for GERD.
Correct Answer : A,C,D,G
A. Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms. It weakens the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increasing the likelihood of acid reflux.
B. GERD is not primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid. It is usually due to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
C. GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. When the LES is weakened or relaxes abnormally, acid can reflux into the esophagus, causing symptoms.
D. Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms. It helps to prevent acid from moving back into the esophagus during sleep.
E. A diet high in citrus fruits is not recommended for GERD management. Citrus fruits can aggravate acid reflux symptoms.
F. Antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers are typically used to manage GERD symptoms.
G. Obesity is a risk factor for GERD. It can increase intra-abdominal pressure, which may contribute to the reflux of acid into the esophagus.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia typically presents with larger red blood cells (high MCV) and neurological symptoms, which are not present in this case.
B. Aplastic anemia typically results in pancytopenia, and there is no mention of other blood cell line abnormalities.
C. Iron deficiency anemia is the most likely diagnosis, as it is characterized by low hemoglobin levels and a low MCV (microcytic anemia), which is consistent with the laboratory results.
D. Hemolytic anemia generally presents with elevated reticulocyte count and jaundice, neither of which are mentioned here.
Correct Answer is ["B","E"]
Explanation
A. Loss of urine during laughing or sneezing is typically associated with stress incontinence, not overflow or functional incontinence.
B. Constant dribbling of urine despite frequent urination is a hallmark of overflow incontinence, often caused by an underactive bladder or obstruction.
C. Frequent urination at night with a strong urge is more characteristic of urge incontinence.
D. Sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by loss of urine is also indicative of urge incontinence.
E. Inability to access the toilet in time due to physical limitations, such as arthritis, is common in functional incontinence, where the person is unable to reach the bathroom in time despite normal bladder function.
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