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A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD?
(Select All that Apply.)

Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms.

GERD is primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid.

GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms.

A diet high in citrus fruits is recommended for GERD management

Antibiotics are the first-line treatment for GERD.

Obesity is a risk factor for GERD.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,C,D,G

A.   Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms. It weakens the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increasing the likelihood of acid reflux.
B.   GERD is not primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid. It is usually due to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
C.   GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. When the LES is weakened or relaxes abnormally, acid can reflux into the esophagus, causing symptoms.
D.   Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms. It helps to prevent acid from moving back into the esophagus during sleep.
E.   A diet high in citrus fruits is not recommended for GERD management. Citrus fruits can aggravate acid reflux symptoms.
F.   Antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers are typically used to manage GERD symptoms.
G.   Obesity is a risk factor for GERD. It can increase intra-abdominal pressure, which may contribute to the reflux of acid into the esophagus.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Antibiotics are not indicated in the treatment of an asthma exacerbation unless there is a confirmed bacterial infection, which is not suggested here.

B. Increasing the frequency of albuterol nebulizations may be appropriate, but more aggressive interventions are required, as the patient has not improved with initial treatment.
C. Intravenous magnesium sulfate is often used in severe asthma exacerbations to help relax the muscles around the airways, making it a more appropriate next step for this patient.
D. Subcutaneous epinephrine can be used for anaphylaxis but is not the first-line treatment for asthma exacerbations.

A. Peptic ulcer disease B. Acute gastritis due to NSAID use C. Functional dyspepsia D. Chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori infection

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Peptic ulcer disease is possible, but the patient's NSAID use and positive H. pylori antibodies suggest a more specific cause related to gastritis.
B. Acute gastritis due to NSAID use is likely since NSAIDs can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of ulcers.
C. Functional dyspepsia is less likely given the presence of H. pylori antibodies, which typically indicate an active infection.
D. Chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori infection is the most likely diagnosis, especially with the combination of NSAID use and positive H. pylori antibodies.

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A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD? (Select All that Apply.)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD?
(Select All that Apply.)