A 45-year-old patient with a history of chronic alcohol use presents to the emergency department with epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Which of the following findings would best support a diagnosis of acute gastritis?

Erosion of the gastric mucosa on endoscopy

Decreased serum amylase levels

Presence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in serum

Hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A.   Erosion of the gastric mucosa on endoscopy is the hallmark of acute gastritis. Chronic alcohol use can irritate and inflame the stomach lining, leading to mucosal erosion, which is commonly seen during endoscopy in patients with this condition.
B.   Decreased serum amylase levels are not typically associated with acute gastritis. Amylase levels are more commonly elevated in cases of pancreatitis, not gastritis.
C.   The presence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in serum is more indicative of chronic gastritis or peptic ulcer disease rather than acute gastritis. H. pylori is a long-term cause of gastric inflammation.
D.   Hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid is more commonly associated with conditions such as Zollinger- Ellison syndrome and is not a typical finding in acute gastritis caused by alcohol use.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Peptic ulcer disease is possible, but the patient's NSAID use and positive H. pylori antibodies suggest a more specific cause related to gastritis.
B. Acute gastritis due to NSAID use is likely since NSAIDs can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of ulcers.
C. Functional dyspepsia is less likely given the presence of H. pylori antibodies, which typically indicate an active infection.
D. Chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori infection is the most likely diagnosis, especially with the combination of NSAID use and positive H. pylori antibodies.

A. Genetics B. Environmental factors C. Upper respiratory infections D. Autoimmune factors E. Urinary tract infections

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]

Explanation

A. Genetics play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Having a family history of MS increases the risk, suggesting a hereditary component to the condition.
B. Environmental factors, such as living in areas with low sunlight or viral infections like Epstein-Barr virus, have been linked to a higher incidence of MS, suggesting environmental triggers may contribute to disease onset.
C. Upper respiratory infections are not directly associated with the development of multiple sclerosis. While infections may trigger MS flare-ups, they are not primary contributors to its development.
D. Autoimmune factors are central to the pathophysiology of MS, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the central nervous system, causing the characteristic lesions and nerve damage seen in MS.
E. Urinary tract infections are common complications in individuals with MS, but they do not contribute to the disease's development itself.

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A 45-year-old patient with a history of chronic alcohol use presents to the emergency department with epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Which of the following findings would best support a diagnosis of acute gastritis?

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who has multiple sclerosis. Which of the following factors should the nurse anticipate have been identified as contributing to the development of multiple sclerosis? (Select All that Apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]

Explanation

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