A child weighing 36 kg is in moderate dehydration. Calculate the amount of ORS this child will need within 4 hours in mL. (Do not enter units)

Choice A reason:

Opioid analgesics are not given as a last resort solely because of the threat of addiction. While the risk of addiction is a concern, opioids are often necessary for managing severe pain, especially in conditions like sickle cell anemia. The American Society of Hematology guidelines emphasize the importance of effective pain management in sickle cell disease, which often includes the use of opioids. The goal is to manage pain effectively while monitoring for signs of misuse or addiction.

Choice B reason:

Opioid analgesics are often ordered and are usually needed for managing severe pain in patients with sickle cell anemia. Pain episodes in sickle cell disease can be extremely severe and debilitating, requiring potent analgesics like morphine for relief. The management of acute vaso-occlusive pain in sickle cell disease often necessitates the use of opioids to provide adequate pain control.

Choice C reason:

Opioid analgesics, when medically indicated and used under proper medical supervision, rarely cause addiction. The risk of addiction is significantly lower when opioids are used appropriately for pain management in a controlled medical setting. The Mayo Clinic highlights that while opioids have addictive properties, their medical use for pain relief, especially in acute settings, is generally safe when monitored by healthcare professionals.

Choice D reason:

Opioid analgesics are not used only if other measures, such as ice packs, are ineffective. While non-pharmacological measures can be part of pain management, opioids are often necessary for managing severe pain episodes in sickle cell disease. The use of opioids is based on the severity of the pain and the clinical judgment of the healthcare provider.

Choice A: Increase Sodium Intake

Increasing sodium intake is generally not recommended for patients with renal disorders. High sodium intake can lead to fluid retention, hypertension, and worsening of kidney function. Patients with renal disorders are often advised to follow a low-sodium diet to manage these risks.

Choice B: Monitor Intake/Output

Monitoring intake and output (I/O) is crucial for patients with renal disorders. It helps in assessing kidney function and fluid balance. Accurate measurement of fluid intake and urine output can provide valuable information about the patient’s hydration status and kidney function. This intervention is essential for preventing fluid overload and dehydration.

Choice C: Daily Weights

Daily weights are an important intervention for patients with renal disorders. Monitoring weight daily helps in detecting fluid retention early. Sudden weight gain can indicate fluid overload, which is a common issue in patients with kidney problems. By tracking daily weights, healthcare providers can make timely adjustments to the patient’s treatment plan.

Choice D: Monitor Blood Pressure

Monitoring blood pressure is a key intervention for patients with renal disorders. Hypertension is both a cause and a consequence of kidney disease. Regular monitoring of blood pressure helps in managing hypertension and preventing further damage to the kidneys. It also aids in assessing the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications.