A client diagnosed with emphysema states that it is uncomfortable to sit in a semi-Fowler's position. In order to best decrease the work of breathing, the nurse should assist the client to:

Move into a side-lying position with the head elevated.

Lay in the Trendelenburg position.

Lean over the bedside table.

Sit in Fowler's position with heels off the bed.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A Reason:
A side-lying position with the head elevated may provide some comfort but is not the most effective position for reducing the work of breathing in emphysema patients. This position does not maximize lung expansion or aid in the optimal use of respiratory muscles.

Choice B Reason:
The Trendelenburg position, where the body is laid flat on the back with the feet higher than the head, is not recommended for emphysema patients as it can increase the pressure on the diaphragm, making breathing more difficult.

Choice C Reason:
Leaning over the bedside table, often referred to as the tripod position, is beneficial for emphysema patients. This position allows for the optimal use of respiratory muscles and helps to reduce the work of breathing by supporting the arms and allowing the shoulder girdle muscles to assist in the breathing process.

Choice D Reason:
Fowler's position, where the patient is seated with the legs either bent or straight out in front, may not be as effective as the tripod position for emphysema patients. While it does allow for better lung expansion than lying flat, it does not provide the same level of support for the respiratory muscles as leaning forward does.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are all well-established risk factors for heart disease. Smoking damages the lining of the arteries, leading to a buildup of fatty material which narrows the artery. Hypertension can cause hardening and thickening of the arteries, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Obesity increases the likelihood of high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and diabetes, all of which are risk factors for heart disease. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease significantly, as high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and the nerves that control the heart. Hyperlipidemia, particularly high levels of LDL cholesterol, can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart attack or stroke.

Choice B Reason:

Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease, as genetics can play a role in an individual's likelihood of developing heart conditions. Stress can contribute to heart disease risk factors such as hypertension and is associated with other unhealthy behaviors. Hypertension and age are both significant risk factors; the risk of heart disease increases with age and with sustained high blood pressure.

Choice C Reason:

Alcohol consumption in excess can lead to high blood pressure, heart failure, or stroke. Obesity, diabetes, and stress are all risk factors as previously mentioned. Hyperlipidemia is also a modifiable risk factor that can be managed through diet, exercise, and medication.

Choice D Reason:

Personality type itself is not a direct risk factor for heart disease, but certain personality traits can lead to stress, which is a risk factor. Hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking are all direct risk factors for heart disease as they contribute to the development of cardiovascular conditions.

A. "I need to eat within 5-10 minutes of injecting this insulin." B. "I will mix this in the same syringe with my insulin lispro at bedtime." C. "I will rotate the injection site." D. "I will administer this insulin in the upper anterior aspect of my arms."

Correct Answer is ["A","B"]

Explanation

Choice A reason:
This statement is incorrect. Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin with a relatively steady effect and does not require eating within a specific timeframe after injection. It is designed to be injected once daily at any time of the day but at the same time every day.

Choice B reason:
This statement is incorrect. Insulin glargine should not be mixed with any other insulins in the same syringe. It is formulated to be clear and colorless, and mixing it with other insulins, especially rapid-acting insulins like lispro, can affect its action profile.

Choice C reason:
This statement is correct. Rotating the injection site is important to prevent lipodystrophy, which is the breakdown or buildup of fat beneath the skin that can occur with repeated injections at the same site. Rotating sites helps to ensure consistent insulin absorption.

Choice D reason:
This statement is correct. Insulin glargine should be administered in areas of subcutaneous fat, such as the upper arms, thighs, buttocks, or abdomen. The upper anterior aspect of the arm is an appropriate site for insulin injection.

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A client diagnosed with emphysema states that it is uncomfortable to sit in a semi-Fowler's position. In order to best decrease the work of breathing, the nurse should assist the client to:

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Correct Answer is ["A","B"]

Explanation

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