A nurse in a community clinic is caring for a 4-year-old child.

Exhibits

Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as long-term complications of elevated lead levels? Select all that apply.

The correct answer is Choice B

Choice A rationale: Reassuring a grieving partner that “it will get better” may invalidate their current emotional pain and imply that their suffering is temporary or trivial. This approach lacks therapeutic presence and does not acknowledge the depth of anticipatory grief. Grief is a complex biopsychosocial process involving neuroendocrine stress responses, emotional dysregulation, and existential distress. Effective support requires validation and empathy, not premature optimism. Cortisol levels often rise during grief, reflecting physiological stress.

Choice B rationale: Expressing sympathy aligns with therapeutic communication principles and acknowledges the partner’s emotional suffering. Sympathy activates mirror neurons and fosters emotional attunement, which is essential in end-of-life care. Validating grief helps regulate limbic system responses and reduces isolation. This approach respects the partner’s psychological vulnerability and supports the mourning process. Normal cortisol levels range from 6–23 mcg/dL; elevated levels during grief reflect stress, and empathetic engagement can mitigate this neuroendocrine burden.

Choice C rationale: Asking if the partner needs anything may appear task-oriented and insufficiently attuned to their emotional state. While practical support is important, it does not address the existential and emotional dimensions of anticipatory grief. The partner’s statement reflects profound loneliness and anticipatory loss, requiring emotional validation rather than logistical inquiry. Grief activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and emotional support—not transactional offers—helps modulate stress responses and promote psychological resilience.

Choice D rationale: Hugging the partner may violate professional boundaries unless there is clear consent and cultural appropriateness. Physical touch can be comforting, but it must be contextually sensitive and ethically justified. In hospice care, emotional presence and verbal empathy are prioritized over unsolicited physical gestures. Oxytocin release from touch may reduce stress, but inappropriate contact can cause discomfort or ethical concerns. Professional standards emphasize verbal support and therapeutic presence over physical intimacy.

Choice A reason: Therapeutic touch is not primarily known to help with posture. It is more focused on energy fields and relaxation.

Choice B reason: While there are claims that therapeutic touch can influence the immune system, the evidence is not strong enough to definitively state it strengthens the immune system.

Choice C reason: Therapeutic touch is commonly used to promote deep relaxation and reduce stress, which is

supported by some studies.

Choice D reason: There is limited evidence to suggest that therapeutic touch directly increases energy levels.