A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving a blood transfusion. The nurse notes lung crackles, hypoxia, and distended neck veins. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply)
Stop the transfusion.
Administer epinephrine to the client.
Obtain a prescription for a diuretic.
Administer oxygen to the client.
Place the client in high-Fowler's position.
Correct Answer : A,C,D,E
Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) occurs when the infusion rate exceeds the cardiovascular system's capacity, leading to pulmonary edema, impaired gas exchange, and elevated central venous pressure.
A. Stopping the transfusion is the immediate priority when any transfusion reaction or complication is suspected. Halting the infusion prevents further volume from entering the intravascular space, which is essential to mitigate the worsening of pulmonary congestion and cardiac strain in a client experiencing circulatory overload.
B. Epinephrine is primarily indicated for anaphylactic reactions or cardiac arrest to induce bronchodilation and vasoconstriction. It is not indicated for circulatory overload, as it would increase cardiac workload and potentially exacerbate the hypertensive stress often associated with the fluid volume excess seen in TACO.
C. Diuretics, such as furosemide, are a standard treatment for circulatory overload to facilitate the rapid excretion of excess intravascular fluid. Removing surplus fluid helps reduce the preload on the heart, alleviates pulmonary venous pressure, and clears the fluid from the alveolar spaces to improve breathing.
D. Administering supplemental oxygen is critical for a client exhibiting hypoxia and lung crackles. Enhancing the fraction of inspired oxygen helps maintain adequate arterial oxygen saturation while the body compensates for the fluid-filled alveoli, ensuring that vital organs receive sufficient oxygenation during the acute respiratory distress.
E. Placing the client in a high-Fowler's position promotes maximal chest expansion and uses gravity to shift fluid to the lung bases, thereby improving ventilation-perfusion matching. This position reduces the work of breathing and decreases venous return to the heart, which helps alleviate the symptoms of acute pulmonary edema.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized neurological assessment tool used to evaluate a client’s level of consciousness, especially after head injury or in critically ill patients. It measures three components: eye opening response, verbal response, and motor response. Each category is assigned a score, and the total score helps determine the severity of neurologic impairment. Accurate calculation is essential for monitoring changes in neurologic status and guiding urgent interventions.
Rationale:
A. A total score of 9 is correct because eye opening to sound scores 3, incomprehensible sounds score 2, and withdrawal from pain scores 4. Adding these values gives a total GCS of 9. This indicates a moderate level of impaired consciousness and requires close neurologic observation for any signs of deterioration.
B. A score of 10 would be incorrect. To achieve a 10, the client would need to demonstrate a higher level of function in one of the three categories, such as using inappropriate words (verbal score of 3) instead of incomprehensible sounds, or localizing to pain (motor score of 5) instead of simple withdrawal. Based on the specific behaviors described in the prompt, a score of 10 overestimates the client's current neurological status.
C. A score of 8 is incorrect because the described responses total more than 8 points. A GCS of 8 is often associated with severe neurologic impairment and may indicate the need for airway protection. In this case, the client’s ability to open eyes to sound and withdraw from pain results in a slightly higher score of 9.
D. A score of 11 is incorrect because it would suggest stronger neurologic responses than those observed. For instance, inappropriate words or obeying commands would raise the total score. Since the verbal response is only incomprehensible sounds and the motor response is limited to withdrawal from pain, the correct score remains 9 rather than 11.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver and can lead to both acute and chronic liver disease. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is highly infectious and can survive outside the body for several days. Transmission occurs when infected blood or certain body fluids enter another person’s bloodstream through percutaneous or mucosal exposure. Understanding the correct mode of transmission is essential for implementing appropriate infection control and prevention strategies.
Rationale:
A. Acquired by coming into contact with infected blood or body fluids is correct because hepatitis B is transmitted through exposure to infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and other body fluids. This can occur via needlestick injuries, unprotected sexual contact, sharing of needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. The virus is not spread through casual contact but requires direct exposure to infectious fluids.
B. Passed on by casual contact, such as handshakes, is incorrect because hepatitis B is not transmitted through everyday social interactions. Activities like shaking hands, hugging, coughing, or sharing utensils do not pose a risk of infection. The virus requires direct entry into the bloodstream or mucous membranes to cause infection.
C. Spread through contaminated food or water is incorrect because hepatitis B is not a fecal-oral transmitted virus. This mode of transmission is associated with hepatitis A and hepatitis E, which are spread through ingestion of contaminated substances. Hepatitis B specifically requires blood or body fluid exposure.
D. Transmitted through respiratory droplets is incorrect because hepatitis B does not spread via coughing, sneezing, or airborne particles. Respiratory droplet transmission is characteristic of infections like influenza or tuberculosis. HBV transmission is strictly related to blood and certain body fluid exposure rather than respiratory routes.
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