A nurse is assessing a patient with renal impairment. Which facial characteristic is a sign of fluid retention?

A. Multiple life changes and hormone deficiencies: These factors may contribute to psychological stress but do not directly increase the risk of physical injury.

B. Bone demineralization and peripheral neuropathy: Chronic renal failure often leads to bone demineralization (secondary to disrupted calcium-phosphorus metabolism) and peripheral neuropathy (due to uremic toxins), both of which increase injury risk.

C. Impaired immune response and malnutrition: These are common in chronic renal failure but are more related to infection risk than injury.

D. Fatigue and drug side effects: While fatigue and medication effects can contribute to falls, the primary causes are bone and nerve damage.

A. Patient states an awareness of signs and symptoms of kidney stones and knows where to find pain relief: Awareness of symptoms is important, but prevention of recurrence is the primary goal.

B. Patient is able to describe measures to prevent recurrence of calculi: Prevention is the primary long-term goal in managing renal calculi. Understanding dietary adjustments, hydration, and lifestyle changes is crucial.

C. Patient will avoid infections and situations that would increase stress: Avoiding infections and stress is helpful but is not the main goal specific to renal calculi management.

D. Patient will measure intake and output so that they will be approximately equal: While monitoring hydration is important, it supports rather than defines the primary outcome of preventing recurrence.