A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The nurse should reinforce that which of the following stages involves challenging rules that impinge on the rights of others?

Choice A reason : Dry mouth, also known as xerostomia, is a common side effect of diphenhydramine, an antihistamine used to treat insomnia among other conditions. It occurs because diphenhydramine has anticholinergic properties, which means it inhibits the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This inhibition can reduce saliva production, leading to a feeling of dryness in the mouth.

Choice B reason : Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is not a typical side effect of diphenhydramine. While some medications, particularly decongestants, can raise blood pressure, diphenhydramine does not usually have this effect. However, individuals with pre-existing heart conditions should consult a healthcare provider before using it.

Choice C reason : Memory loss is not commonly listed as a side effect of diphenhydramine. However, because it can cause drowsiness and has sedative effects, it may lead to temporary forgetfulness or confusion, especially in older adults or when taken in higher doses.

Choice D reason : 'Medications' is not an adverse reaction but rather a general term for drugs used to diagnose, treat, or prevent illness. In the context of diphenhydramine, it would be more appropriate to discuss specific side effects or adverse reactions related to its use.

The correct answer is: B. Identity vs. Role Confusion.

Choice A reason:

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs in early childhood (ages 1-3). During this stage, children develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. The focus is on developing autonomy, not on the social dynamics typical of adolescence.

Choice B reason:

Identity vs. Role Confusion is the stage that occurs during adolescence (ages 12-18). In this stage, teenagers explore their independence and develop a sense of self. They may rebel against caregivers and spend more time with peers as they form their identity and navigate social roles. This stage is crucial for developing a personal identity and a sense of direction in life.

Choice C reason:

Integrity vs. Despair occurs in late adulthood (ages 65 and older). This stage involves reflecting on one's life and either coming to terms with it or feeling a sense of despair over missed opportunities. It is not relevant to the experiences of an adolescent.

Choice D reason:

Trust vs. Mistrust is the first stage of Erikson's theory, occurring in infancy (birth to 18 months). This stage focuses on developing trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this leads to mistrust. It does not pertain to the adolescent's developmental challenges.