A nurse is caring for a client receiving 0.9% NSS infusing at 150 mL/hr. Which statement(s) made by the client should alert the nurse to suspect fluid overload? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Vitamin D is often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin" because the body produces it in response to sunlight exposure on the skin. Spending more time indoors reduces sunlight exposure, which can lead to insufficient production of vitamin D in the body. Vitamin D is important for bone health, immune function, and other physiological processes.

B. Vitamin E deficiency is rare in healthy individuals with a balanced diet. It is primarily found in foods such as nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. Deficiency can occur in conditions where fat absorption is impaired or in certain genetic disorders.

C. There are several B vitamins (e.g., B1, B2, B6, B12) that are essential for various metabolic processes in the body. Deficiencies in specific B vitamins can occur due to inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption

disorders, or other medical conditions. However, preference for indoor activities does not directly correlate with increased risk of vitamin B deficiency.

D. Vitamin A deficiency is more commonly associated with inadequate intake of foods rich in vitamin A (e.g., liver, carrots, sweet potatoes) rather than sunlight exposure. Vitamin A is important for vision, immune function, and cellular growth.

A. Negligence in nursing refers to the failure to provide care that meets established standards, resulting in harm to the patient. In this case, if the nurse failed to monitor vital signs as per hospital policies and this failure led to complications for the post-operative client, it could constitute negligence. Negligence involves breaching the duty of care owed to the patient, causing harm that could have been reasonably prevented.

B. Nonmaleficence is the principle of doing no harm. While it is an ethical principle guiding healthcare practice, it does not justify or excuse negligence. Negligence involves a failure to uphold the duty of care owed to the patient, resulting in harm due to substandard practice.

C. A misdemeanor typically refers to a lesser criminal offense. Negligence in healthcare generally does not rise to the level of a criminal offense like a misdemeanor unless there is gross negligence or willful misconduct. In most cases, negligence leading to harm is addressed through civil litigation rather than criminal charges.

D. While negligence can certainly be considered unethical behavior in the context of healthcare, negligence itself is a legal concept related to professional malpractice rather than solely an ethical breach. Ethical violations may involve different aspects of professional conduct not directly related to negligence, such as breaches of confidentiality or conflicts of interest.