A nurse is caring for a client who has diabetes and a new prescription for 14 units of regular insulin and 28 units of NPH insulin subcutaneously at breakfast daily. What is the total number of units of insulin that the nurse should prepare in the insulin syringe?

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an intolerance to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and their derivatives. Therefore, the appropriate food choices for a child with celiac disease are those that are gluten-free.

A. Ric (presumably referring to rice) - Rice is gluten-free and is an appropriate choice for individuals with celiac disease.
B. Wheat - Wheat contains gluten and should be avoided by individuals with celiac disease.
C. Barkey (presumably referring to barley) - Barley contains gluten and should be avoided by individuals with celiac disease.

D. PRIOHOUS - serves as a mnemonic to remember gluten-free food choices (e.g., potatoes, rice, oats, corn, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products). These foods are typically safe for individuals with celiac disease.

A. Release of sodium bicarbonate from renal compensation: In response to metabolic acidosis, the kidneys may attempt to compensate by excreting hydrogen ions and retaining bicarbonate ions. However, this mechanism does not contribute to the development of diabetic ketoacidosis.

B. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 diabetes, resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin. In the absence of sufficient insulin, the body cannot properly utilize glucose for energy, leading to increased lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and subsequent production of ketone bodies (such as acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate) as an alternative fuel source. The accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood lowers the blood pH, leading to metabolic acidosis characteristic of DKA.
C. Excretion of excess potassium from cellular death: Diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to electrolyte imbalances, including hyperkalemia due to shifts of potassium out of cells as acidosis worsens. However, this is a consequence of DKA rather than a primary cause.

D. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is an absolute deficiency of insulin, leading to hyperglycemia. Elevated glucose levels contribute to the osmotic diuresis seen in DKA, but they are not the primary cause of ketoacidosis.