A nurse is caring for an infant whose caregiver comforts them as soon as they cry. The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Integrity vs. Despair
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason : Trust vs. Mistrust.The stage of Trust vs. Mistrust is the first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to approximately 18 months of age. In this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care. If the caregiver is reliable, consistent, and nurturing, the child will develop a sense of trust, believing that the world is safe and that people are dependable and affectionate. This sense of trust allows the child to feel secure even when threatened and extends into their other relationships, maintaining their sense of security amidst potential threats.
Choice B reason : Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.The stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is the second stage of Erikson's theory, spanning the toddler years from 18 months to three years. In this stage, toddlers begin to assert their independence by making choices and taking control over their actions. Success in this stage leads to feelings of autonomy, while failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. However, this stage is not applicable to the scenario described, as it involves an infant, not a toddler.
Choice C reason : Identity vs. Role Confusion.Identity vs. Role Confusion is the fifth stage, occurring during the teen years from 12 to 18. This stage is characterized by the exploration of personal identity and the development of a sense of self. The scenario provided does not pertain to an adolescent, so this stage is not relevant to the infant's experience.
Choice D reason : Integrity vs. Despair.The stage of Integrity vs. Despair is the eighth and final stage of Erikson's theory, occurring in older adulthood from 65 to death. This stage involves reflecting on one's life and either concluding it with a sense of integrity and fulfillment or with a sense of despair over a life misspent. This stage is not applicable to the infant described in the scenario.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason : Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. While certain factors like immobility, surgery, and certain medications can increase the risk of DVT, living in a crowded apartment building is not typically associated with an increased risk of developing this condition.
Choice B reason : Crowded living conditions can increase the risk of the spread of infectious diseases. This is due to the close proximity of individuals, which facilitates the transmission of pathogens through respiratory droplets, shared surfaces, and common areas. Diseases such as respiratory infections, meningococcal disease, rheumatic fever, and tuberculosis are particularly associated with crowded living conditions.
Choice C reason : Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. It is not directly linked to living conditions but can be influenced by genetic factors and possibly environmental triggers. However, there is no established connection between crowded living conditions and the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
Choice D reason : While weight gain can be influenced by a variety of factors including diet, exercise, and genetics, there is no direct correlation between living in a crowded apartment and weight gain. However, it's worth noting that socioeconomic factors and limited access to healthy food options or safe areas for physical activity, which can be associated with crowded living conditions, may indirectly contribute to weight gain.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason : Increase in basal metabolic rate.During NREM sleep, particularly in the deeper stages, the basal metabolic rate (BMR) actually decreases. This reduction in BMR is part of the restorative processes that occur during sleep, conserving energy for the body to use in repair and growth.
Choice B reason : Reduced secretion of growth hormones.Contrary to this statement, the secretion of growth hormones increases during NREM sleep, particularly during the deep stages (stage N3). These hormones play a crucial role in tissue growth and muscle repair.
Choice C reason : Decrease in body temperature.During NREM sleep, there is a decrease in body temperature as part of the body's thermoregulation process. This helps to conserve energy and is a characteristic physiological change during this phase of sleep.
Choice D reason : Constriction of peripheral blood vessels.Peripheral blood vessels do not typically constrict during NREM sleep. Instead, there is generally a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity, which can lead to the dilation of blood vessels and a decrease in blood pressure.
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