A nurse is educating a group of individuals about the factors contributing to sleep and wakefulness disorders. Which of the following categories is NOT among the common causes or risk factors for these disorders?

Choice A rationale:

Increased appetite is not a common symptom associated with sleep and wakefulness disorders. While sleep disturbances can affect appetite regulation, leading to weight gain or loss, increased appetite itself is not a direct symptom of these disorders.

Choice B rationale:

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a hallmark symptom of sleep and wakefulness disorders such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and insufficient sleep syndrome. It is characterized by an overwhelming urge to sleep during the daytime, often resulting in unintentional napping or falling asleep in inappropriate situations.

Choice C rationale:

Heightened sense of smell is not typically associated with sleep and wakefulness disorders. This sensory alteration is not directly linked to sleep disruptions or disorders. It is important to focus on symptoms that are more directly related to sleep patterns.

Choice D rationale:

Snoring during sleep is a common symptom of sleep-disordered breathing, particularly obstructive sleep apnea. Snoring can be caused by the partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to noisy and disrupted breathing patterns. It is important to assess snoring as it can indicate underlying sleep-related breathing issues.

Choice E rationale:

Enhanced physical strength is not a common symptom of sleep and wakefulness disorders. Sleep disturbances are more likely to result in fatigue and decreased physical performance due to disrupted sleep patterns, rather than enhanced strength.

Choice A rationale:

Restless legs syndrome (RLS). RLS is characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. It is not associated with grinding of the teeth.

Choice B rationale:

Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder (SRMD). SRMD involves repetitive and rhythmic movements during sleep, such as head banging or body rocking. It does not involve teeth grinding.

Choice C rationale:

Bruxism. This is the correct choice. Bruxism is the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep. It is often associated with stress, anxiety, and dental conditions. Treatment may involve the use of mouthguards to protect the teeth.

Choice D rationale:

Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). PLMD is characterized by repetitive limb movements during sleep, often involving the legs. It is not associated with teeth grinding.