(Select All That Apply):. A nurse is assessing a client's medical history for potential risk factors for sleep and wakefulness disorders. Which of the following are considered medical disorders that can contribute to these disorders? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale:

The goal for a patient with insomnia is to reduce daytime sleepiness and fatigue, not increase them. Therefore, aiming for the patient to report increased daytime sleepiness and fatigue would be counterproductive to the treatment of insomnia.

Choice B rationale:

A variable sleep schedule might worsen insomnia symptoms. Consistency in sleep timing is important to regulate the body's internal clock. Introducing variability in the sleep schedule could disrupt the circadian rhythm and exacerbate sleep difficulties.

Choice C rationale:

Using caffeine-containing beverages to improve alertness during the day contradicts the goal of treating insomnia. Caffeine is a stimulant that can interfere with sleep and exacerbate insomnia symptoms if consumed later in the day.

Choice D rationale:

The correct choice, this goal is appropriate for a patient with insomnia. It focuses on ensuring that the patient understands the available treatment options for sleep disorders. Educating the patient about treatment options empowers them to make informed decisions about their care. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapies, and, in some cases, pharmacological interventions. Informed patients are more likely to engage in effective self-management and collaborate with healthcare providers to develop an individualized treatment plan.

Choice A rationale:

Increased appetite is not a common symptom associated with sleep and wakefulness disorders. While sleep disturbances can affect appetite regulation, leading to weight gain or loss, increased appetite itself is not a direct symptom of these disorders.

Choice B rationale:

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a hallmark symptom of sleep and wakefulness disorders such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and insufficient sleep syndrome. It is characterized by an overwhelming urge to sleep during the daytime, often resulting in unintentional napping or falling asleep in inappropriate situations.

Choice C rationale:

Heightened sense of smell is not typically associated with sleep and wakefulness disorders. This sensory alteration is not directly linked to sleep disruptions or disorders. It is important to focus on symptoms that are more directly related to sleep patterns.

Choice D rationale:

Snoring during sleep is a common symptom of sleep-disordered breathing, particularly obstructive sleep apnea. Snoring can be caused by the partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to noisy and disrupted breathing patterns. It is important to assess snoring as it can indicate underlying sleep-related breathing issues.

Choice E rationale:

Enhanced physical strength is not a common symptom of sleep and wakefulness disorders. Sleep disturbances are more likely to result in fatigue and decreased physical performance due to disrupted sleep patterns, rather than enhanced strength.