A nurse is educating a group of patients about gynecologic cancers.
Which symptoms are commonly associated with advanced-stage ovarian cancer? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale:

Age is indeed a significant risk factor for ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer risk increases with age, with the majority of cases occurring in women over the age of 50.

Younger women can still develop ovarian cancer, but age is a significant factor.

Choice B rationale:

Infertility is not a primary cause of ovarian cancer.

While there may be some associations between infertility treatments and ovarian cancer, it is not considered a primary cause.

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not well understood but may involve genetic mutations, hormonal factors, and inflammation.

Choice C rationale:

BRCA gene mutations can increase the risk of ovarian cancer.

Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing ovarian cancer compared to those without these mutations.

This understanding indicates that the client has correctly grasped this risk factor.

Choice D rationale:

Ovarian cancer is not primarily caused by hormonal imbalances.

While hormones may play a role in the development of ovarian cancer, they are not considered the primary cause.

Genetic factors, such as BRCA mutations, are more significant contributors to ovarian cancer risk.

Choice A rationale:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain are more indicative of uterine or endometrial cancer than cervical cancer.

While cervical cancer can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding in later stages, uterine cancer is more commonly associated with these symptoms.

Choice B rationale:

Ovarian cancer may present with pelvic pain, but it is less likely to cause abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Uterine and endometrial cancer are more closely associated with abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Choice D rationale:

Endometrial cancer is a likely possibility, as it often presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain.

However, uterine cancer is a more precise term for cancer originating in the uterus.

Choice C rationale:

This is the correct answer.

Uterine cancer is most likely indicated by the symptoms of abnormal vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain.

These are common presenting symptoms of uterine cancer, especially in the early stages.

It is essential to perform further diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease.